Activity-Based Costing (Abc); Hunter Company

Activity- found toll ( alphabet) hunter Company Emmanuel Achirem ACC 560-Managerial Accounting Dr. Lotfi Geriesh Strayer University 08/04/2012 Activity-based be ( alphabet) Hunter Company, 1 Introduction over the past cardinal decades adoption of Activity-Based cost rudiment has been tossed around like a hot white potato by every size and type of organization. It was adopted by organizations ranging in size from huge multi-national companies like General Motors to the much littleer Alexandria Hospital. Lanen, Anderson, & Maher, 2011) most companies began the initial servees but stopped short of unquestionable implementation when they nonice to a greater extent sequence and resources were geted to effect the change so focussing ran from it just as they had run from quality improvement concepts from the seventies and eighties. (Romano, 1990) Was this because first rudiment was not a good fit for the organization or was in that location a deeper issue? These organizati ons knew they were not adequately capturing the costs of activities yet they lowest cost could be. T.J Rodgers who founded Cypress Semiconductor wrote The seeds of business failure are place in good beats, not badGrowth masks waste, extravagance, and inefficiency. The moment issue slows, the accumulated sins of the past are revea take all the way to the bottom line. (Clemmer, 1992) given the competitive nature of business today organizations both big and small cannot long afford to ignore the 900 pound gorilla in the room. The aim of this paper is to discuss Time-driven ABC cost system can be implemented and how it has benefited nigh companies such as Hunter Company.The system was not widely accepted in the beginning, but ABC has play major(ip) role in cost accounting today and has help some managers to combat corporate resistance to change when trying to implement it. in operation(p) managers have known for many years that while the traditional be greet was inaccurate an d archaic it was close enough. Today, because of the global and high whet Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 2 nature of the business environment, the errors of conventional cost are systematic and can affect too many decisions.Time-driven ABC is not a hypothetical improvement to traditional ABC analysis. It has been utilise in dozens of companies, helping them to deliver significant profit improvements quickly. The Hunter Company (disguised name of actual company), a oversize, multinational distributor of scientific products with over 20 facilities, 300,000 customers, and 460,000 product SKUs, processes more(prenominal) than one million orders all(prenominal) month. Hunter already had an existing body process-based costing perplex that had been built with the economic aid of an external consulting team.The insights revealed from the model were extremely informative but many in the company questioned if the view was worth the climb. Their main complaints can be su mmarized as follows The model had been cumbersome to build and maintain. With more than 1,000 activities, the monthly survey of surgical incision staff of where they had fatigued their clipping was complex and costly. Also, tracking the driver quantities for each(prenominal) activity and customer was difficult. The model did not reconcile with actual financials since activity cost driver rates had not been updated recently. Despite the already large flesh of activities, the model was still not considered accurate or coarse-grained enough. It did not reflect several important differences between orders. To increase accuracy, more activities would have to be added, and employees would have to be re-interviewed. Also, an additional data sublimate to track the quantities of the new cost drivers would be required. The existing ABC cost was not easily maintainable, and thus not sustainable.The company called in a software and consulting company to help it implement the convictio n-driven ABC approach. The time-driven approach led to the following changes For a department, such as the inside sales department, the front ABC model required employees to estimate, each month, the percentage of their time spent on their triad activities customer set-up, order entry, and order expediting. In the time-driven approach, the ABC team estimated the time required to perform each activity.For example, the activity to set-up a new customer took 15 minutes. Since a handle already existed at bottom Hunters ERP system that identified whether a customer was new, grant a customer set-up cost to a new customer became a simple transaction. For order entry, the team learned that every order took close five minutes to enter the basic order information, plus three minutes for each line item on the order. Again this was a simple calculation to implement since the ERP system already tracked the number of line items for each order.Finally, the team learned that order expediting was triggered by a request by the customer to rush the shipment, resulting in an additional 10 minutes of time to coordinate the expediting. The order included a field that identified it is a rush order. The project team could write a simple equation to estimate the inner(a) sales Department time required for each order received Inside Sales subprogram Time = 15*New Customer + 5 + 3*Number of Line Items + 10*RushThe Inside Sales Department cost for the order was obtained by multiplying this time by the cost per minute of Inside Sales Department resources. This process was replicated in each department to arrive at the add up cost of producing, handling, and fulfilling the order. let down that once the team had created the Inside Sales Process algorithm, it did not need to continually re-interview personnel. Each period, the costs of the department would be assigned based on the volume and nature of the transactions it handled.Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 4 The Hunter Company identified the following benefits from shifting its ABC model to the time-driven approach. It reduced the number of activities to maintain. It transformed 1, two hundred activities (e. g. , set-up new customer, enter orders, expedite orders) to 200 department particular(prenominal) processes (e. g. , the equation used to estimate Inside Sales Department time). Also, it could easily update the resource cost of each cost center and departments so that its process costs were accurate and current. Its cost estimates were more accurate since they were based on actual observations of processing time and actual transaction data, not subjective estimates on where and how people spent their time It was easier to increase model accuracy and granularity, when wanted, for high cost and heterogeneous processes. Adding more elements to the time equation enabled managers to easily add more variety and complexity to the model when required. This enabled managers to identify speci fic SKUs, customers, and processes where improvements could be made. The model was easier to validate. The calculated total process time, based on all transactions in a period, could be reconciled to head count (resources supplied during the period). If the total process time exceeded the actual resources supplied, managers received a signal that some of their unit measure were likely too high. If total calculated process time was intumesce below the time supplied, but employees felt they were on the job(p) at or beyond capacity, managers learned that some of their unit times were under-estimated or employees were working less efficiently than anticipated.Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 5 The model provided lucid information on processes operate at or beyond capacity, and those operating well below capacity. Managers could take action to relieve bottlenecks expected to extend in future periods, or act to reduce capacity in departments where any unused capacity wa s expected to persist for several periods into the future. Today, it takes two people, two days per month to load, calculate, validate and report findings, compared to the 10-person team outlay over 3 weeks to maintain the previous model.Employees now spend time generating increased profits from the information rather than just updating and maintaining the information. Over the past 15 years, activity-based costing has enabled managers to see that not all revenue is good revenue, and not all customers are profitable customers. Unfortunately, the difficulties of implementing and maintaining traditional ABC systems have prevented activity-based cost systems from being an effective, timely, and up-to-date management tool. The time-driven ABC approach has overcome these difficulties.It offers managers a methodology that has the following positive features 1. Easy and unwavering to implement 2. Integrates well with data now available from recently installed ERP and CRM systems 3. tup peny and fast to maintain and update 4. Ability to scale to enterprise-wide models 5. Easy to incorporates specific features for particular orders, processes, suppliers, and customers Activity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 6 6. More visibility to process efficiencies and capacity utilization 7.Ability to forecast future resource demands based on predicted order quantities and complexity These characteristics enable activity-based costing to move from a complex, overpriced financial systems implementation to becoming a tool that provides meaningful and actionable data, quickly and inexpensively, to managers. In conclusion, we can see that the methodology behind Activity-Based Costing is sound, and can result in sometimes great savings to a company willing to take the time, effort and expense to implement a plan.Although there are some pitfalls to the process, with perseverance and a solid commitment from management, ABC can be of great benefit to a manufacturing company. Activ ity-based Costing (ABC) Hunter Company, 7 References C. Argyris and R. S. Kaplan, Implementing New Knowledge The Case of Activity-Based Costing, Accounting Horizons (September 1994) 83-105. diary of Cost Management (Winter 1989) 34-46 R. Cooper and R. S. Kaplan, Measure Costs Right ca-ca the Right Decisions, Harvard Business Review (September-October 1988). http//www. hbs. edu/research/facpubs/workingpapers/papers2/0304/04-0

Sonnet 18

Explication of A summertimes Day Shakespeare establishes his theme by shifting procreational beauty to the creative thinker of immortalized beauty. Shakespeares use of incarnation, tangible means, and metaphors enables him to illustrate his benignity in the idea of immortality. In Sonnet 18 Shakespeare uses personification heavy in giving objects human qualities to reflect establish mortality in his muse. Doing so, helps the reader relate to the object to life and death.The first instance of personification is in the first quatrain , Shakespeare writes, Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, meaning Winds choke the experiencely buds with hands of May. On the first quatrain Shakespeare writes, And Summers lease hath all too short a encounter(4). In this frontier Shakespeare is referring to Summer being too short. By this personification on the first quatrain, Shakespeare conveys the depth of his affection towards his slam interest by giving a descriptive metaphor abo ut his devout examine her to something intangible as a Summer day or winning buds being more beautiful than disposition.He creates a life in row with the personification. In the secondly quatrain, Shakespeare writes, Sometimes too hot the eye of enlightenment shines,(5). He uses the reference of Eye of heaven to convey the idea of the lurch being a face with the sun becoming the eye. On the coterminous epithelial duct Shakespeare writes, And often is his gold complexion dimmd(6). In this grapevine Shakespeare describes how clouds often go behind clouds. In this line Shakespeare illustrates how intense his love for his beloved barely, nature flowerpot get in the way of love such as clouds or mortality.In Sonnet 18, those whom are unfamiliar with the authorship of Shakespeare may think or feel they have to decipher what theyre reading. In some instances this is true, but non for all. This is where literal meanings play an key role in understanding some important ideas. In the second quatrain, Shakespeare says, And every reliable from fair sometime declines,(7). This is saying almost just what it sounds like, everything beautiful will sometime be lost. On the couplet, Shakespeare writes, So big as men can breathe or eyes can see,(13).In this he is referring to his love being everlasting as if his composition is forevermore cemented as people continue to read and live. Shakespeare uses metaphors to create an effect that gives his writing an eloquence, while such effects are also used in his prose. First quatrain, Shakespeare writes, Thou art more loving and more restrained In this hes saying you are more lovely and more constant, in comparison to a summers day. In quatrain 2, Shakespeare says, By chance or natures changing social class umtrimmd(8).Shakespeare is referring to death as a misfortune, or by natures planned course. In the third quatrain, Shakespeare writes, By thy eternal summer shall not fade(9). The idea here is your youth will not fade. The very next line, Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest(10), This line is saying nor will you lose the beauty that you possess. In the last line of the third quatrain, Shakespeare writes, When in eternal lines to time thou growest(12), this line is saying because in my eternal work you will live forever, thus, giving the metrical composition immortality.Shakespeares Sonnet 18 to challenges age and time and, thus, becomes everlasting, conveying the beauty of the fair youth down to expected generations through his words. Shakespeare attempts to compare this person to summer, yet summer could never be as magnificent or consistent. The beloved in Shakespeares view could never grow old or ugly and death could not even destroy this fair youth. This smell of beauty being immortalized in the poem.Whether it be written through personification, literal meanings or metaphors, Shakespeare always seemed to convey his ideas through his whole works. The idea of surviving or g iving someone eternal life though literary works is genius. Sonnet 18 is about someone Shakespeare loves, that is immortalized in this Sonnet. The line the concretes the idea of immortality is So long as men can breathe or eyes can see/ So long lives this and this gives life to thee. (13-14)

Evaluate the morality of specific actions Essay

believe a pilot enter the cabinet and flies the plane to outstanding heights beyond the reach of the eyes that is his normal job. And suddenly, storms begin to affiance war against the plane and the passengers. It is the responsibility of the pilot to find ways to admit order, protect the lives and property of the passengers above every other thing. In this situation, with the necessity assistance, he would stretch his mind and brain to pilot the plane to safety.Or imagine a doctor at the emergency ward he is confronted with a large number of rescuers from a nearby road relations accident, he potentiometer not procrastinate his intervention. By that, mickle would die. Thats not good it is wickedness. He must rise to the occasion and tip over his best to resuscitate those lives otherwise he stands the risk of prosecution for c arlessness of diet. A sketcher makes a mistake in a clip article, you can run a correction but when a health care worker makes a mistake, someone can die.A almost and in-depth thought of this profound statement would show that we need to hold people in certain professions to higher commonplaces of legal accountability and responsibility. Humans are liable to errors but such errors should be limited within the spectacle of directed danger. The outcomes of some errors are more dangerous than others. This is reason ethics rich person become an integral part of major professions. It underscores the need for accountability as a means of maintaining order and balance within organization.As oft as some errors can not be avoided or weaken still are unprecedented, ethics guides into an error-free environment. With the aforementioned examples and the place of ethics, one would get wind that it is important to attach the appropriate standard to different professions based on the outcome of a mistake. It is indeed possible to rewrite a report than replace a life. Occupations that deal directly with life should attract the highest st andard such include health care, transportation, and food and drugs production.This helps to maintain reduce casualties resulting from mistakes. at that place is also improved service. However, such a relative distribution can encourage lackadaisical input from such get downed professions accrued lower standards. And this may not be good for the nation. In any way, ethics per profession continues to be the standard. This position is indeed consistent with the moral doctrine propagated earlier. To whom much is given much is expected. There is no deviation conformation the philosophy earlier propagated.

Isobel Dixon uses language Essay

Explore the ways in which Isobel Dixon uses language and different poetical devices to present her ideas of immunity and restriction in Plenty Isobel Dixon went to heaven and hell, she is superstar woman who k straightaways what it is to suffer. She went from humble beginnings as a child living in the extremely poor and dry region of Karoo in South Africa. To an soaked and successful poet, Dixon manages to write a poem close to freedom and restriction, a poem where she goes from having Plenty of pitiable to Plenty of money.Using language and other poetic devices we cigarette precisely analyze how Dixon presents her ideas, and if it is possible to have both, big bucks of money, and happiness. When Dixon introduces her family in the first paragraph, she uses rhymes, making the text have rhythm and a twist to it, still what is most historic is that Dixon rhymes the devil most important words in the second line, it was a running riot to my fetchs quiet despair.It is importa nt to note how she linked these two contradicting words, she is indirectly admitting her guilt to the reader, and how her mother restricted her feelings, and remained calm, when there was always a running riot going on inside the house. Their bathtub was in an awful state, age-stained and pocked which is parallel to the state of the family. The tub became a key symbol in the poem for the memory of her family.The bathtub is not provided age-stained but it is also pocked/ upon its griffin claws, the claws helps us picture the doddering bathtub, but it also gives us the image of claws holding down on the ground, as if it was going to fly, because it was never full. Mommys grimace presents the idea of restriction perfectly, where she tries to smile, but it was anchored down, as if it was a clasp to documentation them all from chaos . Her mothers smile also can be seen as a lid clamped hard upon all the depressed amounts of resources and worries that spill out, it is a simile that holds the family together.Her mother is stoic and a survivor, she cannot therefore show what she actually feels inside, she must clasp it with a smile. The third stanza gives us the adult perspective, Dixons present day thoughts of her tight childhood. She feels guilty, because only instantly she is mature and can understand what her mother had to put up with when aerodynamic lift her children, only now she understands why her mother spared both gram of aspirin, every millimeter of porridge and every crumb of bread.Dixon uses sibilance, to present the idea of restriction as well as freedom, whereas the s sound represents water flowing smoothly, She cut it always, snapping locks and straps,/ the spilling sums and worries, shopping lists as if it was free, the strong consonance alliteration cuts the s sound, as if the water is restricted to flow. The author, in the fifth stanza, explains how she used to feel about her mother, how she thought her mean. Dixon did not understand what her mother was going through, and now that she does, she feels sorry.Consequently, she wishes to block off those memories. Dixon omits the personal pronouns when informing the reader what she used to do with her mother, she wrote simply Skipped chores,/ swiped biscuits not We skipped chores,/ We swiped biscuits. Dixon also uses precious to describe an inch of water, which is in turn a very effective adjective. Moreover it portrays just how much her family is poor and humble. Dixon presents her ideas of freedom and restriction in the sixth stanza by the use of an oxymoron, such harming sin, which gives us an idea of the complexity of her guilty pleasure.The seventh and eighth stanzas Dixon compares her rich life of freedom, to her restricted and difficult past Now bubbles roach her chin. She no longer has to spare precious inches, she can now retire bubble baths, with water up to her chin, Dixon is now self-indulgent in her middle for sensuous luxury. The water is no lon ger disgorged from fat brass taps, it is now a hot shower bath. She presents her ideas of freedom by demonstrating how a rich person takes a bath, how she is free to let the hot cascade fall on top of her, with not the slightest sense of guilt. On the other hand, she is not completely happy.After having everything, she still misses her now scattered sisters, who were no longer cramped up in a single age-stained bathtub, but spread across the globe, and her mothers smile was finally loosed from the bonds. She is now really smiling, not preventing chaos. Dixon walked the long path of life, living the most difficult conditions one could have, until she finally managed to make her way to the doors of richness. She had indeed plenty of suffering as well as luxury, but having both was the real challenge. there is a bittersweet feeling in the end, as she is now materially sound but alone in her tub.

Language in Anthony and Brutus’ Speeches Essay

comparability and contrast enthalpys subprogram of cajolery to affect others in his Harfleur speeches with the effectiveness of the language in Anthony and Brutus speeches In atomic number 1 V, hydrogen accustoms grandiloquence very effectively as he persuades the regulator at Harfleur to descent and encourages his troops on state of ward with his Once more than unto the breach speech. This is very equivalent to Anthony and Brutus of Julius Caesar as they use rhetoric to influence the mob firstly Brutus wins the congregation over and they believe the death of Caesar is a well matter and because Anthony turns them around and they end up hating Cassius and Brutus. Henry uses rhetoric to create a number of different effects one of them being to persuade the Governor to surrender. Rhoda Koenig suggests that this scene institutionalizes up the character of this immature and disaffected king, which I disagree with as I believe that this speech shows just how the queer has matured as he is able to bluff his way through as his forces is, really, worn and battered.This speech shows how Henrys actors line be more powerful than his legions, which is similar to Anthony in Julius Caesar who turns the mob into a state of madness just through the use of his oratorical skills. For example, Henry starts his speech with short, sharp sentences How yet resolves the governor of the/ town? This creates an assertive informant and one that drags Henry collarm powerful and stern. This coupled with the use of a rhetorical question puts the Governor in a situation where the benevolence of Henry is in his hands, as if the outcome of his men depends on his decision. This withal removes the responsibility from Henrys shoulders which is a recurring theme passim the play. Henry overly describes what the outcome could look handle if the Governor doesnt surrender The gates of mercy shall be all shut up. The use of a metaphor here, the gates of mercy, refers to He nry as if at one time he starts the battle theres no loss back.This is utilize to scare the Governor so that he believes Harfleur pull up stakes be profane in one case the battle has begun. This, of telephone circuit, is a faade as Henry knows full-well that his military is worn thin and lacking in strength. This demonstrates Henrys good leadership, as he bluffs his way through with confidence. Also, this extract contains lots of monosyllables which make it very powerful and reinforces the threat which forces the Governor to surrender. Bernard Richards raised an interesting nous where he said that Shakespeare wanted to show the full range of war the glamour as well as the squalid and obscene violence. This evoke me as throughout this speech there is talk of atrocities of war much(prenominal) as shrieking daughters bit elsewhere in the play we come over the French think of war as glorious. This is very similar to Brutus in Julius Caesar who has to use rhetoric to chang e the fight to surrender, as they are ab initio angry at the schemers for killing their leader.For example, he uses rhetorical questions to force the bunch to realise that the murder of Caesar will benefit them Who here is so nates Who here is so rude Who is so vile for him drop I offended. The crowd are forced to ask themselves if they would want to be slaves, for example, which they of course answer no. The use of a three-part list too emphasizes this and would forfeit the crowd to remember this more accurately Let him be Caesar This quote shows that Brutuss rhetoric successfully convinces the crowd, although they appear to have missed the point as they want Brutus to be the new Caesar and the sole leader of capital of Italy which is what the conspirators were fighting against. It is in like manner interesting to note that Shakespeares main characters unremarkably speak in blank verse, just here Brutus speaks in prose. This is because prose is the better way to pers uade so has a stronger affect on the crowd. It could also be argued that because he speaks to the low-life characters, they will understand prose better than blank verse. at bottom his speech Brutus also uses repetition which reinforces his message Hear me for cause hear.The use of framing repetition here grabs the crowds attention and makes them listen. He also repeats honour throughout his speech Believe me for mine honour, and have respect for mine honour. This repetition is utilise to emphasize to the crowd that the conspirators cause was honourable and that they have done the right thing while it also serves to remind the crowd how Brutus is an honourable man, which is a affinity with Henry who also takes great care in ensuring the cause for going to war is moral. The repetition would grind it into the crowds heads so that its almost like subliminal messaging. The repetition also shows how Brutus is still unsure himself and that he is stressful to convince himself that they have done the right thing. Henry also uses rhetoric to empower his army and urge them on at Harfluer in what Hal Hinson of the chapiter Post calls the greatest half-time speech in human account statement.Here, Henry is forced to persuade his army that they should not retreat but beset once again Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more. Similarly to Brutus, Henry uses framing repetition to encourage his army to blow Harfleur once more. The repetition helps to reinforce the message and will stick in their minds through the battle. Also in this quote, he uses an endearing pronoun friend. This affects the army as they will opinion that they are all friends of the King and will have a surge of confidence. This will help the army to reduce whatever they face, even though they have had to retreat. Interestingly, this contrast to what the Chorus says in the preceding scene as he states that the great British are invading France when really they are being forced to retreat. Henry also uses alliteration But when the blast of war blows in our ears. The use of plosive speech sound alliteration here creates a powerful sound which suggests that the English army are powerful enough to defeat the French. This also shows Henrys passion as if its bursting out of him as he desperately wants his men to survive as he feels guilty that the war may not have an honourable cause. Also is this speech, sibilance is used Stiffen the sinews. This also creates quite an obstreperous sound which would be passed onto the soldiers and make them feel aggressive and willing to fight. Henry also uses figurative language Let it nose like the brass carom. This simile likens the mind prying to a cannon an item associated with war which would rile up the soldiers and also remind them that they are at war, its kill or be killed. Another simile used refers to Alexander the Great On, on, you imposingst English like so many Alexanders.Here, Henry likens his army to a group of A lexander the Greats. Alexander the Great is a figure of Hellenic legend which states that he conquered the Persian Empire. It also says that he was often reckless with his own life and his soldiers as he believed he was indestructible. This would encourage his men and fill them with confidence as Alexander was a great warrior and Henrys army will feel equally invincible. Shakespeares Elizabethan auditory modality were very interested in Greek culture so the simile would have been more relevant and had more effect than it would on our society who have a lesser interest. Also, in this quote he addresses the noblest English while further on he addresses the good yeomen. Henry directly addresses each social class as his army was compiled of a number of different classes, even nationalities. King Henry V was known for uniting people under him as he prevented a civil war between the Church and the Government and this unison is shown in the scene between Gower, Fluellen, Jamy and MacMo rris.This scene also, as James Shapiro suggests, prophetically anticipates the notion of a united kingdom. Although these nations were far from united in 1599, when the play was written as England and Ireland were at war, and some were very irrelevant during Henrys reign. For example, James Shapiro criticizes that Henry says the Scots may attack yet here they are united. This would make each soldier feel important, needed and a friend of the kings, which would, ultimately, provide the soldiers with confidence to fight, and beat, the French. Likewise, gradation Anthony in Julius Caesar also addresses his crowd individually while manipulating them until they run revolt around capital of Italy Friends, Romans, countrymen. Anthony immediately begins with a three-part list which grabs his audiences attentions and the first word used is friends. This instantly makes the crowd warm to him as he is speaking to them as equals.This is similar to Henry who calls his army the noble English a nd good yeomen, while it contrasts with Brutus who says, Romans, countrymen, and lovers, as if lovers is an afterthought. This may hint at why Henry and Anthony were successful at convincing their audience while Brutus failed, because Henry and Anthony allowed the audience to warm to them while Brutus did not. Another way Anthony wins his crowd over is by using repetition And Brutus is an honourable man. This is repeated at regular intervals throughout his speech and each time it becomes more nipping. The sarcastic tone induces the crowd to question whether killing Caesar was an honourable thing.Here, in the identical way as Brutus, he uses subliminal messaging however he uses it against Brutus and to much better effect as the crowd end up rampaging across Rome. In conclusion, Henry and Anthony use rhetoric and their oratorical skills very well combining repetition, friendly language, and other techniques to persuade their respective crowds to see their way of thinking. Brutus, however, fails to convince his crowd (or is unable to deliver a speech worthy of Anthonys) which goes to show how good Anthonys speech is. Henry manages to convince the Governor to surrender, and convince his battered army to continue, while Anthony manages to convince an audience who love Brutus, to hunt him down. Brutus, on the other hand, cannot prevent the people of Rome from turning against him as he didnt endear himself to the crowd.

Jewish and Buddhism Life Cycle Rituals Essay

Traditions and religious rites turn over become an unerasable mark that one person carries from the time he or she was natural until his or her death. The Judaic and Hindu, in departmenticular, cherish fussy occasions soft touch the major transitions and constitutes in the individuals life from birth to death. Judaic Life rung Rituals From the time that a person is born, he is surrounded with religious rites and traditions that would eventually become a part of his existence. When a Jew is born, his father exit be called to recite the aliyah at the synagogue and pray for blessings for his wifes and sons health.This is do on the first Sabbath after the violate is born (ReligionFacts, 2008). The rituals following the birth of a chela argon called brit milah (for boys) and brit habit (for girls). brit milah includes prayers and blessings, aside from the naming and circumcision. A mohel conducts the circumcision. Brit habit, on the an early(a)(prenominal) hand, refers to the naming ritual for girls. There is also a ritual called simchat bat wherein prayers and songs atomic number 18 included in the naming solemnity. This is done eight or 15 days after the birth (Konick, n. d. ). The ritual following brit milah is Pidyon Haben, which means Redemption of the First-Born Son.This ritual stemmed from the whimsey that everything that is first and best belongs to God (ReligionFacts, 2008). During the ceremony, the boy is garbed in special clothes and his father brings along five silver coins and presents him to the Kohen. The Kohen is in aid of the whole ceremony. He also recites the Kiddush and drinks the wine. The Kohen then puts the coins over the boys head and blesses him (BecomingJewish, 2009). When the boy reaches the age of 13, the Jewish community considers him an adult. This is also the stage where he becomes a bar mitsvah (Son of the Commandments).In girls, it is called bat mitzvah (Daughter of the Commandments) (ReligionFacts, 2009). Anoth er important ritual in the lives of Jewish is marriage. After the twosome announces their engagement, there is a festivity where the twins family and friends attend. This symbolizes the forgetingness of both families to have their children wed. The entire wedding ceremony entails many activities, eventually leading to nisuin. This is the part wherein the mate stands under chuppah (canopy). Chuppah is the symbol of the couples new home. The couple recites the seven marriage benedictions. The bride and groom also sh atomic number 18 a churl of wine.After the ceremony, there is celebration with music and dancing. Then the married couple heads to their honeymoon (ReligionFacts, 2009). The life cycle ends with death. As the family is notified of the death of a family member, the child tears his clothes on the left(a) side while other mourners tear their clothes on the right side. The Jews do not debate in autopsy, embalming and cremation. The body is washed and dressed in white ta chrichin. The Jewish observes the placing of the body into the ground. A shomer also recites Tehillim (Psalms) to the dead as a sight of respect (BecomingJewish, 2009).When one grows up in a country that has finishing, traditions and rituals disparate from others, brass of his or her identity and personality is make a motioned. These rituals and traditions have an important reference in ones identity. Once a person determines his affable identity, he will continually affirm it. This explains why Jews behave or act or think divergently from Americans. In addition, the voluntary and unconscious experiences that Jewish individuals have throughout their lives play an important role in the formation of identity. Involuntary experiences refer to those that result from the parents upbringing.Voluntary experiences, on the other hand, refer to choices that an individual takes about being a Jewish. Moreover, there are Jews who come from intensive Jewish backgrounds. They tend to be m ore influenced as their families are committed to Jewish life (Horowitz, 2001). Hindu Life Cycle Rituals The Hindu culture also has its own set of traditions and rituals that are different from other cultures. Even before a child is born, certain rites are performed to make sure that both the mother and the child will be healthy. Right after birth, the father touches a gold spoon or ring dipped in curds, honey, and ghee to the babys lips.Then he whispers vak into the babys right ear three clock. In addition, mantras are recited for an enduring and long life. Rituals also include the babys firsts, such as first visit to a temple, first feeding of inviolable food, ear-piercing, and first haircut. Young males are also subject to upayana, an initiation ceremony for six to 12-year-olds. This ceremony signals the transition to adulthood. The ceremony also includes the boys recitation of the Gayatri Mantra and the wearing of a sacred thread over the left shoulder. Those who wear sacred thread are called twice-born (Cline, 2009).Another important ritual for the Hindu is marriage. During this phase, the parents of the couple are the ones who will decide upon the betrothal and determine and time of the wedding in accordance with astrologers. For Hindu, the bride represents the goddess while the groom represents the god. Hindu marriages are elaborate, involving the grooms travel to the wedding site equitation a caparisoned white horse or a limousine. ace important part of every Hindu marriage is the reciting of mantras by the priests (Cline, 2009). oddment also ends the life cycle that involves ceremonies.Hindu believes in cremation, but others answer burial. If the body is cremated, the closest relative is put in-charge of lighting the funeral pyre and appeal ashes and fragments of bones that will be immersed in the holy river. After this, the mourners will take a purifying bath. In much the same way, Hindus formation of personality and identity are affected by the surrounding culture and rituals that they observe as they grow up. A Hindu also acts in a way that the society dictates as right. For instance, religious beliefs have a direct influence on Hindu womens roles and responsibilities (Jarayam, 2008).Historical records would verbalize that Hindu women used to be treated as second kinsfolk citizens. In fact, they walk a few steps behind their husbands. Although the times are changing and there have been improvements on the role of women in the society, there will still be cases wherein women are still ill-use or treated as inferior (Jarayam, 2007). Situations like this can affect the development of ones identity and personality. References BecomingJewish. (2009). Jewish life cycles. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. becomingjewish. org/jlife. hypertext mark-up language Cline, A. (2009).Hindu rituals in India. About. com. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//atheism. about. com/od/hindusandhinduism/a/IndiaRituals. htm Horowitz, B. (2001). Informal education and Jewish identity development. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. shma. com/May01/horowitz. htm Jarayam, V. (2007). Hinduism and women. Retrieve February 10, 2009, from http//www. hinduwebsite. com/hinduism/h_women. asp viper Jarayam, V. (2008). The problems and status of women in Hindu society. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. hinduwebsite. com/hinduwomen. asp Konick, L. (n. d. ).Welcome your baby Jewish traditions. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. beliefnet. com/Love-Family/Parenting/2000/05/Welcome-Your-Baby-Jewish-Traditions. aspx Kushner, H. (2009). Some meanings of brit milah. MyJewishLearning, Inc. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. myjewishlearning. com/lifecycle/Ceremonies_For_Newborns/Overview_History_and_Themes/Brit_Milah_Ceremonies_for_Boys/Meaning_of_Brit_Milah. htm ReligionFacts. (2008). Jewish life cycle rituals. Retrieved February 10, 2009, from http//www. religionfacts. com/judaism /cycle. htm

North South Airlines Essay

BACKGROUND OF THE clubNorthern respiratory tracts merged with southeast Airlines to create the fourth largest U.S. carrier in January 2008. The new NorthSouth Airline inherited both an develop fleet of Boeing 727-300 aircraft and Stephen Ruth. Stephen was a tough former Secretary of the Navy who stepped in as new president and chairman of the board. arrest Jones on the separate hand is the vice president for operations and fear.DEFINE THE PROBLEMStephens objective is to gear the companys financial performance towards stableness and continuous growth. This do him concern that the aging fleet of Boeing 727-300 aircrafts criminal nutrition hail may impede realization of this goal.The significant difference in the reported B727-300 maintenance cost (from ATA Form 41s) both in the airframe and railway locomotive areas between Northern Airlines and Southeast Airlines made him to probe through Peg Jones assistance on determining the quantitative and graphical report of the hobby Correlation of the average fleet age to instantly airframe maintenance cost Linear relationship between the average fleet age and direct railway locomotive maintenance beCASE FACTS AND INFORMATION (INCLUDING LIMITATIONS & CONSTRAINTS)In extension to the aging formulas below, Peg constructed the average age of Northern and Southeast B727-300 fleets by quarter since the introduction of that aircraft to service by each airline in late 1993 and early 1994 respectively.TOTAL FLEET HOURS = TOTAL DAYS IN SERVICE X AVER epoch DAILY UTILIZATION intermediate AGE OF EACH FLEET = TOTAL FLEET HOURS FLOWN OF AIRCRAFT IN SERVICEAVERAGE DAILY UTILIZATION = TOTAL FLEET HOURS FLOWNTOTAL DAYS IN SERVICEIn getting the average engagement, Peg used the actual fleet hours flown on September 30, 2007 from Northern and Southeast info, and dividing by the chalk up days in service for all aircraft at that time. The average utilization for Southeast and Northern were 8.3 and 8.7 hours per day respect ively. In addition, available cost selective information including the average fleet age were calculated for each yearly percentage point ending at the end of first quarter.Business asset disparagement depends on the cost of asset and its useful spirit. What is distinct about aircraft dispraise is that each component of an airplane is belittled at different rates and depreciation systems. The North-South Airline problem for this instance may also be pertinacious by using depreciation methods as follows straight line with redeem value method = Asset Cost/ Useful Life The favor of using the straight line method involves the ease of calculating the yearbook depreciation amount.The disadvantage of using the straight line method is that this method does non consider the rate the asset will actually devaluate in value. Declining balance method = Remaining Asset Value x Depreciation Rate The advantage of using this method is that it accelerates the depreciation save early in t he assets life and thus reduces the taxable income and the taxes owed during the early years. The disadvantage is that the method can be applied hardly when there is a residual value of the asset.quantitative method/s employed and the solution to the problemNorthern Airlines DataAIRFRAMEENGINE gray Airlines DataAIRFRAMESoutheast Airlineairframe maintenance costCost = 4.60 + 0 (airframe age) = 4.60Coefficient of determination = 0.39Coefficient of correlation = 0.62ENGINENorthern Airlineairframe maintenance costCost _ 36.10 _ 0.0025 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.7694Coefficient of correlation _ 0.8771Northern Airline locomotive maintenance costCost _ 20.57 _ 0.0026 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.6124Coefficient of correlation _ 0.7825Southeast Airlineengine maintenance costCost __0.671 _ 0.0041 (airframe age)Coefficient of determination _ 0.4599Coefficient of correlation _ 0.6782ethical considerations dispraise USED = SAFETYThe units of turnout metho d involves determining the cost to depreciate and dividing that amount by the estimated production units the company expects to manufacture oer the life of the asset. The advantages of using the units of production method include the ease of calculating the yearbook depreciation amount and that the depreciation is matched to the production quantity. The disadvantage of using the units of production method is that this method assumes the asset will depreciate evenly over its productive life.The graphs below portray both the actual data and the reverse lines for airframe and engine maintenance be for both airlines.Note that the two graphs have been careworn to the same scale to facilitate comparisons between the two airlines.Northern Airline There seem to be modest correlations between maintenance costs and airframe age for Northern Airline. There is certainly reason to think, however, that airframe age is not the scarce primary(prenominal) factor.Southeast Airline The relation ships between maintenance costs and airframe age for Southeast Airline are much less swell defined. It is even more than obvious that airframe age is not the only important factorperhaps not even the most important factor. general conclusionOverall, it would seem that1. Northern Airline has the smallest variance in maintenance costs, indicating that the day-to-day management of maintenance is working pretty well.2. Maintenance costs seem to be more a function of airline than of airframe age.3. The airframe and engine maintenance costs for Southeast Airline are not only lower but more nearly similar than those for Northern Airline, but, from the graphs at least, appear to be rising more sharply with age.4. From an overall perspective, it appears that Southeast Airline may perform more efficiently on sporadic or emergency repairs, and Northern Airline may place more emphasis on preventive maintenance.Ms. Youngs report should conclude that1. There is evidence to suggest that maintena nce costs could be made to be a function of airframe age by implementing more potent management practices.2. The difference between maintenance procedures of the two airlines should be investigated.3. The data with which she is presently working do not provide conclusive results.

Book Banning Essay

Each year, libraries across the United States report hundreds of challenges. The leading causes for contesting a track record are sexually explicit subject matter, offensive language and conflicting subjects for minors source American Library Association. Only a minority of the requests very appoint it through to throw outning the withstand from its respective library. The Catcher in the Rye. The Scarlet Letter. Huckleberry Finn. Harry Potter. The Diary of Anne Frank. Animal Farm. To overcome a Mockingbird.The Da Vinci Code. The Grapes of Wrath. These literary classics rich person been vital to the education of many, peculiarly boorren and adolescents. These great novels twain teach important values and get up children slightly ball affairs and classic themes. Unfortunately, each of these novels has been outlaw at iodine point in time. Many of these classic stories have been banned because of sexual references, racial slurs, sacred intolerance, or supposed witchcraf t promotion.Although somewhat may consider these books polemic or inappropriate, many English classes have required us to withdraw these books. Like the teachers that assigned us these books, I see that even argu equal books can ultimately boost, non deter, our educational wealth. I oppose book banning for three main reasons. low, I believe that education should be adequate to(p) to everyone. Everyone should have an opportunity to read any literature of their choosing and fig his or her bear opinions based on the reading.Micah Issitt lists three basic salutarys cover under the freedom of the press the right to publish, the right to confidentiality of sources, and the right of citizens to retrieve the products of the press. My second reason specifically addresses the last right stating that citizens should have accession to the press. The government should not restrict books from being published or put in into personal affairs as this is an infringement of the First Am endment. Finally, I believe that evokes should monitor what their take children read, still not have the authority to ban other(a) children from reading these novels.For these reasons, I conclude that the government should play no role in the issue what citizens do and do not read, and that book restriction should remain a solely private matter. At for the first time glance, the debate over banning books appears unimportant. Nevertheless, this debate has divided our nation into those who raise censoring books to nurture their impressionable adolescents, and those who argue that education should be open for everybody without interference from the government in restricting the publishing and accessing of these books.Issitt argues that censoring books violates the First Amendment, stating that citizens must be free to seek out any media, heedless of content, that they deem appropriate for entertainment, info, or education. Denying the rights of the consumer, in any area, is on e of the hallmarks of authoritarianism. objet dart I do not equate banning books with authoritarianism, we do evidence Issitts belief that individual citizens have the right to choose, under their own discretion, what books to read.The First Amendment protects the freedom of expression and speech, and by prohibiting certain messages, the government clear infringes upon man rights. On the other hand, Healey claims that security review does not repress information that teenagers and children are exposed to, but merely gives parents the rights to educate their children in the slipway they deem appropriate. Though I concede that parents do have the right to monitor what their children read, they do not have the right to remove books from public libraries or monitor what other children in the city read.Healey attempts to persuade readers that censorship of books should not be closely silencing voices on important proceedss, but about steering young people toward the best possibl e literature however, she fails to trammel what constitutes as the best possible literature. Some of the best possible literatures in addition happen to cause the most controversy, including Huck Finn, Harry Potter, The Scarlet Letter, and To Kill a Mockingbird. Those who protest against these books have clearly not studied them in depth.For example, the main theme in Huckleberry Finn focuses not on advocating racism, as some suggest, but proving that race does not define a persons intelligence or capability for compassion. Even Healey admits that concerned parents and community members contradict without taking the time to closely investigate the books they want banned. While I agree that parents should play an active role in educating their children and as their basal guardians, have the effective right to monitor what their children read, I disagree that this legal right ex disposes to controlling what other children in the neighborhood read as well.Prohibiting children fr om reading a book will not enhance their righteous values. Rather, banning a book more likely will sum up curiosity for reading it. I also empathize with parents who ban books with disputable or uncomfortable subjects because they are unsure as to how their children will counterbalance or how to explain such topics. A good way to contend these subjects with children is to read books with various views on the subject so that children can get wind multiple points of view before forming their own opinions.Healey herself agrees that such a system might help young people better understand the world they live in, the human condition, and issues they face in their culture. As Healey stated, parents also tend to ban books based on moral grounds, although some books have been condemned for their perspectives on civic values and hi study. For this very reason, the general public should read these books. Our society, especially our younger children, needs to read these books since fu lly understanding a topic requires knowledge of both sides.If we choose to dis catch even a exceedingly unpopular opinion, we intentionally choose to live in ignorance, except part educated in a topic we claim to know so well. Without a doubt, if we continue to ban books and ignore what some consider prohibited topics, we hinder ourselves and our children from finding ways to solve societys problems, therefrom hampering the development of our nation as a whole. Many conservative sorts make the careen that the books that have been banned have material that is inappropriate, immoral or contradicting the beliefs they have ingrained in their children and/or their society.Take for consideration the polemical books that tackle difficult, touchy social issues like homosexuality. Books like Heather Has twain Mommies, by Leslea Newman and Daddys Roommate by Michael Willhoite (both books written for juvenility with gay parents) were shot down by conservative assemblages because the y attempted to educate children about homosexuality, an issue parents felt needed to be taught to their respective children by them. While this may seem like a valid argument, really it is just skirting around the actualissue. Book-banning cases usually concern the security measure of children and their innocence, but all that is happening is sheltering parents showing an awkward avoidance of their childrens confrontation with uncomfortable matters. It is not only selfish, but also perverting to the overall education of their children. This act of prohibiting books is just the parents way of evading of the conversation with their child about these sensitive issues.These two books are issues that Healey brings up in her argument on how groups were upset about the way these books informed their children of homosexuality. Homosexuality and other touchy social issues are part of everyday life, and for a group to attempt to censor this subject from younger society is almost imbecile t hese issues are not monstrous and the censorship of them not only shows disadvantage but lack of respect. forbidding books seems to be the most public base for a private matter- not everyone should have to suffer restrictions because one group feels uncomfortable with the book.That being said, there are often books that contain pictorial and often highly inappropriate material I do combine that these books should be censored at the discretion of the parent, or anyone involved however, no one is forcing books upon others, so we should not be forced to remove them. some other groups would say that its also the duty of the government to regulate these books to protect concerned citizens and their families, but I would have to disagree. Its the exact mated of the governments role- our private lives, the books we read, should be regulated and controlled by us.Banning books from public congregations is not what the government was intended to do. Topics that seem socially interdict in public, let alone published, have been banned because their immoral content may have a negative effect on younger children. In these books, authors doesnt promote or encourage bad behaviors, they get their readers for some of the real world challenges. The child would never be able to learn these things if the book was banned, nor be able to form his or her own opinion about that certain topic.Healey discusses that the book, 33 Snowfish, a dark story of three teenage runaways who are victims of various forms of abuse by exaltation Rapp may be an unsuitable way to educate children on these well timed(p) topics. However, having these stories banned all together would just further shelter a child whose parents may not be willing to discuss these issues with them at all. Even though these books center around scary topics, they are educating children on real life matters that they will be exposed to once they fortuity into the world themselves.Healey goes on to make the point th at the books should not be banned as well, since it is a matter of private opinion not one to be made by the public libraries of a community. She suggests that schools should inform parents about the kinds of books they offer children in their libraries and classrooms instead of banning them. With the knowledge that some of these books have to offer, children can learn how not to act and what can be the consequences if they do misbehave. This learning experience could turn around with the help of a parent and pass a positive affect over the child.Clearly, banning books not only hinders a childs educational development but also leaves them unaware of the true state of the world. Books do not hardly impart general information they heavily influence a child, the future tense generation. Without regular access to books, both adults and children could not form sound opinions, only narrow-minded ones. Both advocates and opposers of book banning agree that books are goodish instruments. Otherwise, a debate on the subject would neither have arisen nor lasted so long. Because books can be used toinculcate values and transmit ideology, and to hassle the imagination, as Healey suggests, any person should remain free to select his or her reading material. This personal issue of selecting reading material has no sexual relation to the government. On the contrary, government action interferes with individual education, a primary American value. Ultimately, children can learn personal responsibility in determining which books to regard and which to discard. In the future, these children will become well-educated adults who can benefit the American society. -

Is space exploration worth the cost?

Editors Note On January 11, the New York Times intercommunicate Freakonomics published a lengthy post titled Is plaza geographic expedition Worth the Cost? A Freakonomics Quorum. The post traitd comments provided by a number of people, including David Livingston, in response to the uncertainty. The part attri yeted to Dr. Livingston was just a highly-edited reading material of what he arche typely submitted to the Times. What follows is the full article that Dr. Livingston submitted on December 31 in response to their invitation to answer the question, Is do proceed billet exploration expenditure the cost?Why or why not? As the host of a nearly seven-year-old radio talk show, The lacuna Show, designed and utilise to furthering post development and work set exploration, I hear this question practically. It is ch eitherenging to answer because I find often that I am left requirementing for a better response, even from many of the guests and listeners to The place Show. In general, I do think that jointly we, in the space community, do a lousy job of let people crossways America shaft why manned space exploration is meaning(a) and worth the cost.I would like to see NASA and those members of Congress most supportive of the manned space plan convincingly let the creation know that the tax is in that location, where the value comes from, and why it is in that respect. But then, I expect a great wish list for what I would like to see our giving medication do, say, and pardon regarding this and an new(prenominal)(prenominal) issues. In my opinion, the manned space exploration weapons platform is short worth the cost. But first, consider the following because dread the following points is decisive to understanding what manned space exploration affords us in so many atomic number 18as1. The gold exhausted on manned space exploration is spent repair here on farming and most of it is spent in the US. We do not yet have a bound of the Milky Way, the First Inter kingdomal Bank of Mars, or a lunar Mutual Savings and Loan. The money that is spent goes to manufacturing, research and development, salaries, benefits, insurance companies, doctors, t for each oneers, scientists, students, blue- and professional workers, and corporations and businesses both large and small. The money disperses without the economy in the selfsame(prenominal) ay as money spent on medical research, building houses, or any separatewise activity we engage in with g everywherenment or even private disbursal. In general, I do think that collectively we, in the space community, do a lousy job of letting people across America know why manned space exploration is important and worth the cost. 2. Whenever we look at regime spending (or any spending for that matter), it is important that we understand what is being purchased and whether there is a value for that investment.We should to a fault ask if the value benefits a narrow base of people or a special interest, or does it have the effectiveness to benefit large groups, even humanity. Clearly, several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) types of public expenditures stub be considered investments and they bay window benefit large groups of people and humanity. So I also look for qualitative factors, such as the ability to inspire somewhat others to do hard work, to go the next step, to push the envelope for the next take aim of advancements for all our benefit.I also look to see if the public expenditure can change springys for the better and, if so, over what period of time. There be several types of public expenditures that can do some of this, but manned space exploration is able to do it all. 3. The space age is 50 years old if we calculate using the launch of Sputnik as the beginning point. man flight began with Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, thus manned spaceflight is almost 47 years old.A acceptable portion of our space t echnology, development, and know-how was genuine here on Earth when the two space powers of the time, the USSR and the US, were making treaties to work to digesther in space, prohibit weapons in space, to rescue each others astronauts/cosmonauts if necessary, and to treat celestial bodies in a way that prevented territorial ownership while allowing room for resource development for all mankind. existence worked to make growher to prevent battle in space and these frets now have a proven and unparallel track record.Today, we have an Inter countryal musculus quadriceps femoris Station (ISS) with multiple countries working together for its completion, support, science, and management. The ISS Station Agreement is a model agreement that works and the two former Cold struggle enemies are working together to be the best we humans can be. This has always been the case with manned space exploration, as well as with all of space exploration. Did we have competition? Yes. Do we have co nflict and tension? No . No other discipline, activity, venture, or multinational effort has a track record equal to manned space development.While there may be challenges ahead for our space behavior, so far we are doing fine in space, certainly much better with each other than we are doing back here on Earth. This is all fine, but how does this realize to manned space exploration being worth the cost to millions of taxpayers when there are other competing and important priorities for a finite sum of money of taxpayer money? Of course, we say that the entire NASA budget is less than 1% of the entire US budget, but I have found that saying that does not come upon with most people.Still, according to the GPO budget information, the US 2007 budget was about $2. 784 billion and NASA got a little more than $16 billion. This means all of NASAs spending is marginally more than half of 1% of the total US budget. In contrast, social weapons platforms receive about 98 times the amount o f money spent on NASA. Another way of looking at this would be to understand that a 1% reduction in government social expenditures could just about double the NASA budget for any tending(p) year. When I started this piece, I verbalize I hear this question a lot.So a few years ago, I decided to see what actually happened to a public dollar spent on a good space class in comparison to spending that dollar on an entitlement program as well as a revenue-generating infrastructure program. I used the school breakfast program for the entitlement program. I chose Hoover obstruct for the revenue generating infrastructure program. The space program I chose was the manned program to the Moon consisting of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. Let me briefly summarize what I discovered.All of these programs or other similar programs, if properly managed, can produce benefits in excess to the original invested dollar. There is no guarantee that a program bequeath be properly managed an d this includes a space program. Properly managed implies many things, but I dont think space is any more or less likely to be well managed than anything else the government does. Not all of our space programs made the short list, as I looked at several public space programs for this study before deciding that our Moon program was the best. A mismanaged space program wastes money, talent, and time just like other programs the government does. I decided to see what really happened to a public dollar spent on a good space program in comparison to spending that dollar on an entitlement program as well as a revenue-generating infrastructure program. What happened to the dollar invested in each of the respective programs? The school breakfast program was successful, increasing the number of kids acquire breakfast. However, when funding for this program or this type of program stops, as in short as the last of the funds goes by dint of the pipeline, the program is over. It has no l ifetime past government funding.There was no residual benefit lasting years after the demise of the program. I was unable to find an sacred or motivational quality for the program conduct to downstream business, economics, science, or other advancement and development. One could make the case that kids who benefited from the program went on through school to accomplish great things and I dont doubt that. I simply could not document it in my research. Hoover dekametre was very interesting. This project paid off its bond cost early, was a major contributor to our winning World War 2, and has been a spacious economic factor for development in the western part of the country.Its a major wealthiness builder for the United States. However, Hoover close up requires overhead and maintenance investment on a continual basis. It of necessity repairs, updates, modernization, security, and it employs a labor force. Were we to stop investing in Hoover Dam, over time it would lose its effec tiveness and cease to be the value to our nation that it is at this time and has been during its history. Its value to us depends on our willingness to maintain, protect, and update it as necessary.Hoover Dam and Lake Mead have given birth to thousands of private businesses, economic reaping for the region, and much more. However, as with the entitlement program above, I could not find an inspirational or motivational aspect to Hoover Dam. Ive not comprehend anyone say they wanted to be an engineer because of Hoover Dam. Im sure this factor exists to one degree or another, but I could not document it either. What I discovered about our manned lunar program was different. When I did this study, it was 34 years after the last dime bag had been spent on Apollo, the last of the manned Moon programs. xxxiv years later, when I would ask guests on The Space Show, students, and people I met who were involved in science, engineering, and space-related fields and businesses about what inspi red or motivated them to start a space business or pursue their education, over 80% said they were inspired and motivated because of our having gone to the Moon. tradinges were started and are now meeting payrolls, pay taxes, and sustaining economic growth because the founder was inspired by the early eld of the manned space program, often decades after the program endedThis type of inspiration and motivation seems unique to the manned space program and of late, to some of our robotic space missions. Interestingly, I found the same to be true when I asked the same question to Space Show guests from outside the United States. Thirty- cardinal years after all funding had stopped for the Apollo program, investment and wealth building, both for our nation and others, was still sacking on as a result of our manned space exploration years earlier. This was a standout feature when comparing manned space exploration to other two types of government spending.As for the return we received on the dollars spent going to the Moon, the results are often controversial and inflated depending on the source. Some specific narrow segments such as medical and other technical fields have returns several hundred times the dollars invested. In fact, one bit of research I found said that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) had to refute some of very high returns because at the time they could not do the calculating machine work to determine an effective multiplier with so many variables leading to such high outcomes.Overall, the return was probably more modest, perhaps four to seven dollars returned to the taxpayers for each dollar invested. This return outperformed the other investments as well, though in many ways my project was like trying to examine apples and oranges. However, I can accurately report that manned space exploration has the potential to return to the taxpayer many times the dollars initially spent on the program. Since we spend this money properly here , employing our own people to do streetwise as well as traditional workforce projects, our people and our nation benefits from the manned space program.This means we build wealth for our nation and our people. evenly important, we inspire millions of school children to do the hard schoolwork in math, business, science, engineering, and finance so they can work in space and related scientific and technical fields. This is important to us all as these disciplines are involve to lead us to new and better ways of living right here on Earth, now and in our future. Finally, we must not inhume the spinoff technologies from our entire space program, but especially from manned exploration, and the fact that the manned space rogram continues to generate wealth and investment long after the program has ceased and its federal funding has been terminated. Its not just about what we visit out there in space, or about ourselves, or how to be a better keeper of precious Earth. Its about how we screw here on Earth together and what type of future we want for ourselves and children. We have our work cut out for us as we take forward in this new century. We dont seem to get along well with each other here on Earth, but we do quite well in space.Space is our model for all nations. chance how many more nations are talking about and wanting to get into the manned space act. India, Russia, China, Japan, and the European Space Agency, for starters, all want a manned mission to the Moon and it wont stop there. These countries and agencies know that manned space exploration builds wealth for their nation, solves problems and enhances life for their people right here on Earth, and shows us the way for how we can all live together in peace.Manned space exploration is absolutely worth the investment. Its not just about what we learn out there in space, or about ourselves, or how to be a better steward of precious Earth. Its about how we live here on Earth together and what ty pe of future we want for ourselves and children. Manned space exploration is the path to how we build a better life for ourselves here on Earth, and how we can give hope and provide inspiration for our youngsters to grow up, do the schoolwork, and accept the challenges that await them to make our world even better.Whatever we spend on manned space exploration is a bargain and our investment will be returned to us many times over, both quantitatively and qualitatively. From my perspective, we are getting this value at a bargain, as if we were all going to the dollar store for an end of the year sale. pic Dr. David Livingston (emailprotected com) is host and founder of The Space Show, the only radio talk show dedicated to expanding space commerce, understanding the importance of becoming a spacefaring culture, and how best to achieve that status.The Space Shows interviews with national and international space business, development, and science leaders are streamed online and podcasted . All programs are available for free download through The Space Show website. Dr. Livingston holds a Masters and Doctorate in Business Administration and has nearly 40 years of experience managing and starting unhomogeneous types of businesses. David is also a business, financial, and marketing consultant and holds a position as an adjunct professor in the Space Studies Department at the University of compass north Dakota.

Grammar school Essay

Intoduction training in its general sense is a make up of encyclopedism in which the association, skills, and habits of a group of people ar transferred from maven generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes home plate under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic Any experience that has a formative effect on the direction adept thinks, feels, or acts may be considered tuitional.A right to procreation has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions Since 1952, Article 2 of the first protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to take in charge the right to education. It does not however guarantee any token take aim of education of any particular quality. There are three forms of learning de charmingd by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) formal education, education and non-formal education.Systems of enlightening involve institutiona lized teaching and learning in recounting to a political program, which itself is established according to a predetermined calculate of the naturalizes in the goerning body. Schools systems are sometimes also based on religions, giving them disparate curricula. In formal education, a curriculum is the set of stocks and their content offered at a school or university. As an idea, curriculum stems from the Latinword for race course, referring to the course of deeds and experiences through which children grow to become mature adults.A curriculum is prescriptive, and is based on a more general syllabus which scarce specifies what topics must be understood and to what train to achieve a particular graduate or standard. An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge which is formally taught, either at the universityor via some other much(prenominal) method. Each discipline usually has several sub-disciplines or branches, and distinguishing lines are very much both arbitrary a nd ambiguous. Examples of broad areas of academic disciplines include the natural sciences, mathematics, reckoner science, social sciences, sympatheticities and applied sciences.Educational institutions may incorporate fine arts as part of K-12 grade curricula or within studys at colleges and universities as electives. The various types of fine arts are music, dance, and theater. entry is the total number of students properly registered and/or attending classes at a school. Every year or every school year the contrastive schools were increasing the total number of students who were officially enrolled in their school. We pick up to be enrolled so that we ordain be indicated in the master list of enrollees and for us also to be officially enrolled in such institution.ADVANTAGE * stratagem is one of the major advantages of online schools. It allows students to work and learn at their own railyard without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional schools. Online school s provide access to learning materials at anytime. This allows students the flexibility to schedule their learning around families, jobs and other activities. Another major advantage of learning from an online school is the accessibility it provides. Students tail end learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important benefit for students who wish to study in a different country.It also allows students to travel without the repercussions of being absent from school * Provide HR personnel and employees access to benefits information around-the-clock * make out administrative tasks and eliminate paper-based shapees * Grant employees instant access to benefits elections through online bridle statements * Review data and statistics about employee enrollment activity through describe capabilities DISADVANTAGE There are some disadvantages that are associated with the online ordering system. ane is that of you do not have access to the net you cannot order.The other one is that you may be ripped off. * Being a successful student at an online school requires self-discipline. This is a disadvantage for students who have difficulty with time wariness and procrastination. While being able to set your own schedule can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. Some students carry the structure of traditional schools. Another disadvantage of online schools is the technology involved. It just isnt available to everyone. The world is rapidly becoming more and more machine-accessible by modern technology, but some people still do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection.And many an(prenominal) of those who do have the required equipment are too frighten by it to take advantage of online schools. Learning through online schools restricts interaction mingled with teacher and student. This is a disadvantage for those students who need the immediate feedback that such interaction provides. REFERENCES http//www. ask. com/web? qsrc=1&o=102140&l=dir&q=disadvantage+of+online+enrolment+system http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Enrollment http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education http//www. ask. com/web? qsrc=1&o=102140&l=dir&q=advantage+of+online+enrolment+systemAnswer Education is a process of human growth by which one gains greater understanding and control over oneself and ones world. It involves our minds, our bodies, and our relations with the people and the world around us. Education is also characterized by continuous development and change. The end product of the process of education is learning. Schooling is a specific, formalized process, usually focused on the young, and whose general pattern traditionally has varied little from one orbit to the next. 2. Describe how school function as transmitter and re-creators of culture.Answer Teachers formulate the classroom so that the Americans and Hispanic cultures are honored and children learn to execute effectively in both languages. American cultures have al shipway embraced many cultures. Nevertheless a primary responsibility of the school is to assist unknown born students in the acquisition. 3. Describe how schools can operate as fomite for social, democratic, and economic reconstruction. Answer Social deconstructionists proponent of the theory of education that schools and teachers need to engage in the reconstructing and reforming of society to eradicate its ills and shortcomings.Economic reconstructionists- subscribers to an educational location or motivational that focuses on developing students who take critical stances toward the rife social and economic status quo. 4. Identify the four basic purpose of school. A. Intellectual purpose- promote academic learning, B. Political and civic- purposes help the students to learn how to range themselves wisely and justly. C. Economic purpose schools will prepare students for the future. D. Social purpose- admit to social expectations.5. Explain why students in elementary clas srooms learn to forswear desire, delay gratification, cope with interruptions and work through social distractions. Answer because they are surrounded by so many other students who want the resembling thing they want. 6. Describe the range of educational experiences for middle-grade students, based on the grade configuration of the school, the size of the school, the administrations and teachers orientations, the goals of the school and the staffing patterns.Answer the goals that schools set for students influence middle-school education in other ways as well, including the curriculum offered and the instructional method used. It was found that classroom structure for students in the middle grades varied from completely self-contained classrooms, in which one teacher taught one from of students all major type areas, to completely departmentalized schools in which each teacher specialized in a single subject area and taught several different classes of students. The middle schools showed a greater ploughshare of departmentalized staffing.Teachers also differed by the type of licensure held. Teachers with secondary licensure were more likely to be subject matter oriented, and middle-grade students were taught by subject matter experts showed senior higher level pf achievement. 7. Explain how the greater variety of choices secondary students have can impart in different high school experiences, based on tracking, the courses in which they enroll, the feedback they receive from teachers, and the tacit agreement they make with their teachers, Answer early adolescences are characterized by a variety of developmental needs and dramatic rating in the maturation rate.8. Identify four areas suggested to improve the quality of high schools. A. pressure on the teacher B. influence on tracking C. classroom treaties D. specialty shops 9. List and explain some of the characteristics of schools that are effective with paying attention to academic. Answer the teachers e xpectation high can do expectation Communication among teachers high degree of colleagueship Task orientation severe attitude.Academic engaged time- keep students working Part II 1. name your hand before you speak 2. No chewing gum 3. No talking in class 4. Do your homework or they will contact your parents 5. If you are late for class you will have to go to the principal office. 6. The principal said it was okay for him to whoop me. ** I snarl 6 was unfair because other people shall not be able to whoop you.

Conflict Can Be Character Building Essay

Conflict Can Be Character createCharacter word forming is much(prenominal) a common phrase and has conk a cliche designed to put a affirmatory vortex on painful experiences. While it is true to say that negate is an inescapable aspect of life, it is non true to say that it always results in construction hatful. In fact in some shifts it tragically records them. While novelists and filmmakers, in particular, build a plotline which neatly introduces battle, complications and crisis points which always lead to a positive resolution, real life doesnt work that way. Stand by Me neatly follows this pattern, while real life meshs such as friendship rifts, apparitional rivalries and political unrest may never be resolved and destroy some(prenominal) lives. Rob Reiners Stand By Me portrays conflict with its narrator and protagonists reflections of an important journey he took when he was twelve.It was a journey that helped him confront some of his own internal conflicts rega rding the going of his brother, grief and his family with his grieving p arents. It also explored the personal conflicts of his peer base and their own internal struggles as well as the conflict they had with family and a rival gang. While Gordys victory in determination the body and standing up to Ace is a crisis point in which he emerges as a hero, we are aware that there are still conflicts that have been overlooked in the focus on the virtuoso experience.The other characters are glossed over as they return to their unhappy and dysfunctional homes and so too is the fact that the threat of retribution from their rivals. The film is fasten up with a content Gordy who conveniently became the writer his older brother always told him he was, had a nice home and happy relationship with his own son and has memories of friendship to cherish. But we need to focus on the most tragic conflict from which his friend Chris does not survive. He was stabbed in the throat he died almost in stantly. Although I hadnt seen him for more than 10 years, I know Ill miss him forever.Group conflict is a reality most of us experience on a fixedness solid ground.It comes in many forms.It can be about friendship groups, family feuds, tame or institutional authority, gang supremacy, sporting, political, religious or racial rivalries in the extreme state of outright war. Individuals andgroups do clash. Some clock the conflicts are judge as differences that will never change while other times they ignite violent reactions. Even bullying is seen as a conflict and for those who are truly affected by bullying and inturn suffer a life long struggle with mental health and self-importance esteem-these passel do not build character whatever person they were has been destroyed. kind of of the polite, outgoing person-a new, changed character has come about and with it is drugs, self harm and eat disorders. Australia has seen many refugees and asylum seekers risking life and limb to re ach our shores in an endeavour to escape conflict.We know that may of them dont make it many losing lives at sea and others scarred by the trauma of loss and their journeys. Our fraternity has opened itself to many of the lucky ones who do make it here and until now they will tell you that the conflict in their lives havent make them but harmed them. Some have confessed that they will never recover, haunted by their experiences every day is a struggle. They dont look bottom and say they are glad for the conflict as it gave them an opportunity to build character.Many tribe fear conflict with others but burst to consider the harm internal conflict has on them. There is an word meaning in dealing with or being concerned about conflict with others and internal conflicts still seem to be an issue most people are ashamed to acknowledge, much less discuss. True to its name they spare it all internal and wage a struggle on the inside.Internal conflict leads many to suffer silently on a daily basis and rather than build their character it can absolutely warp them and rase break them.Depression, substance abuse (drugs and alcohol) as well as self harm, risky behaviours and suicide are all results of internal struggles that have not ended in building but instead ruining character. relations with one young persons sexual orientation was such an internal conflict that he turned to drugs and ended up a completely different personality who sadly overdosed. Friends and family just couldnt say why it ended so tragically.- It is not an uncommon story.Character building happens in many ways. Ultimately, It happens through experience, growth, education, love, relationships, travel and support to name a few. It is wrong to assume that true character growth can tho happenwith painful experiences and conflicts. It may be the case that sometimes a conflict teaches us a great deal and can guide another layer to our character, but it is also more often the case that con flict can start a chain of events that ends in disaster and has a destructive effect on an individual or groups of people which can even reverberate for generations.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 20

The Implied endpointThat night I try to record The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath. Nikki used to talk about how important Plaths myth is, formulateing, Every fresh woman should be forced to read The Bell Jar. I had mummy check it out of the library, mostly because I want to watch women so I can relate to Nikkis feelings and whatnot.The cover of the book looks pretty girly, with a dried rose hung upside down, suspended over the title.Plath mentions the Rosenbergs execution on the first page, at which point I know Im in for a depressing read, because as a former hi stratum teacher, I understand respectable how depressing the Red Scare was, and McCarthyism too. Soon after fashioning a reference to the Rosenbergs, the narrator starts talking about cadavers and confabulateing a severed head while eating breakfast.The main character, Esther, has a replete(p) internship at a New York City magazine, but she is depressed. She uses fake call with the men she meets. Esther sort of has a boyfriend named Buddy, but he treats her dismally and makes her feel as though she should have babies and be a lady of the house rather than become a writer, which is what she wants to be.Eventually Esther breaks down and is given electroshock therapy, tries to kill herself by taking too many sleeping pills, and is move to a negative place like the one I was in.Esther refers to a black man who serves food in her bad place as the Negro. This makes me think about Danny and how mad the book would make my black friend, in particular because Esther was white and Danny says only black people can use polemic racial terms such as Negro.At first, even though it is really depressing, this book excites me because it deals with mental health, a topic I am very interested in learning about. Also, I want to see how Esther gets better, how she will eventually influence her silver lining and get on with her life. I am sure Nikki assigns this book so that depressed puerile girls will see th eres hope if you just hold on ache enough.So I read on.Esther loses her virginity, hemorrhages during the process, and almost bleeds to death like Catherine in A Farewell to Arms and I do wonder why women are always hemorrhaging in American literature. But Esther lives, only to find that her friend Joan has hung herself. Esther attends the funeral, and the book ends just as she steps into a populate full of therapists who will decide if Esther is healthy enough to leave her bad place.We do not get to see what happens to Esther, whether she gets better, and that made me very mad, peculiarly after reading all night.As the sun begins to shine with my bedroom window, I read the biographical sketch at the bum of the book and find out that the whole novel is basically the story of Sylvia Plaths life and that the author eventually stuck her head in an oven, killing herself just like Hemingway only without the gun which I understand is the implied ending of the book, since everyon e knows the novel is really Sylvia Plaths memoir.I actually rip the book in half(prenominal) and throw the two halves at my bedroom wall.Basement.Stomach Master 6000. fin hundred crunches.Why would Nikki make teenagers read such a depressing novel?Weight bench.Bench press.One-hundred-thirty-pound reps.Why do people read books like The Bell Jar?Why?Why?Why?Im surprise when Tiffany shows up the next day for our sunset run. I dont know what to say to her, so I say nothing like usual.We run.We run once again the next day too, but we dont discuss the comments Tiffany made about my wife.

It was not the children that were stolen, but their soul

Jane Harrisons novel Stolen shows how childrens souls are stolen and the tragical effects of it. The main five characters, representing Stolen Generations which refers to the children universe taken away from their fundamental family, had different life companionships. It is their experiences reflect their stolen souls, including loss of culture, misunderstanding of personal individuation and destroyed emotional and spiritual world. There is no doubt that being taken away from family and parents leading to a nonsense of their culture. Understanding of a specific culture is gained by immersion in it.Without growing up with and learning the culture, people cant find connection amongst themselves and where they should belong to. Showed in Stolen, sandlike, the oldest child when was taken, had a better k right offledge to the pristine culture. The story of Mungee and the fact that women put sand in themselves to stop raping indicates Sandys understanding. However, the other four characters always wondering where am I belonged to, they got lost because they had no idea about the environment and background of where they should be grown up with.Being stolen from their parents results in the lack of belonging cod to stolen history. It is the childrens personal identities that being stolen as a result of taken away from parents. Without love and care from family but a burden of firm work. The children in home centre were unprotected and tired. Ruby, an used and abandoned daughter, ended up in a mental hospital susurrant I got a lot to do and I need no home. She couldnt recognize her parents and sister any more, even didnt know who she was and where she came from. On the other hand, Anne seems to live happier.Being adopted by a friendly neat couple, Anne enjoyed a better material interference than others. Although she knew that we chose you, she tried to tanned herself, seeing herself as a white girl. You yield is an Aboriginal, Anne was confused about wh o she was and where she belonged to. Struggling between the two families the white one or the aboriginal one, Anne still het hurt. Being stolen as a young little girl, Anne not only lost the recover to stay with her family, but also experienced a lack of self-understanding. Undoubtedly, the childrens emotional and spiritual world was ruined because of the stolen.They suffered a lot, like working as a slave, unspoken abuse, and concealment of truth. Jimmy, who almost forget his name was Willy, cried for his mother everyday when he was in the children centre. You mother is not plan of attack for you. Shes dead. , told the despicable woman who took great care of the children. Sandy was so heart broken and eventually committed suicide after discriminating the death of his beloved mother. Furthermore, Shirley suffered 20-seven-year long separation. I hold her in my girdle once, and not have a second chance for over twenty years. Never give up looking for her children, Shirley wa s the most lucky one. She now have a mother and a grandmother, thats all that matter. When the keep back asked Shirley to give the baby, Shirley cried and felt herself awkward, thats all due to the terrible experience she had, and the whole Stolen Generations as well. From all discussed above, we can see that Jane Harrison shows how childrens souls were stolen in many layers, including the lack in their own culture and personal identity, as well as the badly hurt emotion and spirit.

Importance of Article 92 Essay

The armaments form of law is cognize as the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The UCMJ officially began whitethorn 31, 1951. It was signed into existence by President Truman. Congress deemed it necessary to raise the UCMJ due to the lack of transparency and fairness previously provides to the force thickly settled during WWII. The UCMJ allows for personal jurisdiction over all members of the uniformed assistants of the unite States the Air Force, Army, Coast Guard, Marine Corps, Navy, National oceanic and Atmospheric validation Commissioned Corps, and Public Health Service Commissioned Corps. Members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps and PHS are only payoff to the UCMJ when attached to a military unit or when they are change by the president. word 92, a sub section of the UCMJ, is intended to establish set precedents of punishment and examples of the crime of failing to obey an order or regulation. This Article is very all- important(a) and is the fundamental backbone of all the military stands for. Being a member of the military is a very important job. Each and every man and woman has an important job to do which assist the forward progress of our country.As great as we would worry to every person is not every service member does the seduce up thing. Due to the fact that we have an all volunteer army it goes without aphorism that the military is a realistic sample of all American has to offer, smashing and bad. And there are soldiers and service members who if not given a clear set of rules and punishment s would not be productive members of the military. Article 92 is part of the very important checks and balances implemented by the politics to help keep the military efficient in spite of this. If you shew into what Article 92 covers youll see that it provides multiple proscribe stimuli to the act of disobeying an order. This negative reinforcement is used to cultivate a more efficient milit ary. This is do all the way through the rank structure regardless of service or grade. Civilians may think this is excessive but I deliberate that view is incorrect. Article 92 and the UCMJ remove the grey area from military law. Military members are held to a higher standard and they conduct themselves as such.

Art History Study Notes

artificerry Hist. Review Ancient Grecian Art and Arch. (600 BCE-30 BCE) The Early untarnished Period 480-450 BCE 5. 23 KRITIOS BOY Acropolis, Athens 480 BCE -Marble -He is self confident and serious looking -He is a sculpture in the rhythm -The artist is believed to be KRITIOS -The statue has an S-curve to him and is in the contrapposto pose, which is when artists use tension and relaxation around the central axis of the trunk to increase to muscular tension and conjure up the musculature of a be. It is shown here because his incubus is entirely on the re main(prenominal)ing pluck, cau darknessg his hip to jut out.His proper knee is slightly bent grass and he has a slight drop in his shoulders. -The artist as well as made a point to engage his head slightly turn to hint that the viewer should compact in the entirety of the piece. High unsullied Period 450-400 BCE 5. 29 ACROPOLIS, ATHENS 447-432 BCE -In the High classical dot which save lasted a fractional-cent ury and set the standards for art and architecture. There was also turmoil mingled with the Spartans and the Athenians in this time period which was referred to as the Peloponnesian War. -Acro heart and soul luxuriously and polis means city. The Acropolis of Athens was once con alignred a fortress and sanctuary exactly was later turned into a religious and ceremonial occasion centre for genus Athene the cities patron and protector. -It was destroyed by Persian troops in 480 BCE and was red ink to be left field and a memorial site of ruins but Perikles convert them to rebuild it. 5. 31 Parthenon, Acropolis Athens 447-432 BCE -KALLIKRATES AND IKTINOS -Pantelic Marble -Has the pediment, frieze, triglyph, metope, architrive, abacus, mechinus and necking -Athens, Corinth and Sparta. Depicted gods and goddesses who they believed were eternal and super intrinsic -Sanctuaries for gods and goddesses in assortment of outdoor extrapolatesreplaced by temples integrated into natural s ite -temples decorated with ceramic sculptures -mathematical proportions which artists use to convey structure and launch 49 ratio 42+1 -human value of truth virtue and harmony -High classical period -plain capital -temple employ to Athena -stylobate floor columns rest on and stereobate foundation itself -post and lintel body -entasis columns slightly swell in the middle -Doric order plain capitals peace, successfulness and power by dint of the create projects -transport wood, favourable, marble and ivory -sculptures celebrate the Greek victory all over Persians 5. 32 EAST PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON 447-432 BCE (ATHENS) High Classical period 450-400 BCE -Sculpture in the round fill up both pediments of the Parthenon -illustrated the birth of Athena, fully gravid and clad in armor, from the brow of her father Zeus. -The statues from the west pediment atomic number 18 the beat preserved of the both. -besides Zeus and the sweetborn Athena be three goddesses followed by a single reclining male figure who could be Diomysos or Herakles. In the left corner was Helios (sun god) in his horse-drawn chariot rising from the sea and to the reclaim the moon god Selene desc abates in her chariot to the sea. -The trial female figure in the center is Iris the messenger of the gods. P. G. 134 gig BEARER (DORYPHOROS) 450-440 BCE (NAPLES) -POLYKLEITOS -Marble -developed canon of proportions system of measurement utilize to determine the proportions of the body -contropposto pose is balance and counterbalance unmatchable foot bearing encumbrance and mavin not bearing the weight.In this case his right foot is the one bearing all the weight of his body while the left foot is relaxed. -It is said to be the hero Achilles -Theorists believed that the basic unit was the length of the figures abi illumey finger or the width of the figures hand a flub the knuckles others call in it was the height of the head from chin to hairline. -S-curve -High classical period -spear be arr, idealized, exaggerated The latterly Classical Period 400-323 BCE 5. 46 MAN SCRAPING HIMSELF (APOXYOMENOS) 350-325 (VATICAN) -LYSIPPOS -Marble sculpture -Done in the late classical period male nude athlete, which is a usual Classical subject -This is a sculpture in the round that depicts a young athlete later on his workout removing dirt and oil from his body with a tool called a strigil. -Has a different canon of proportions than The spike Be arr. -His head is smaller in proportion to The Spear Bearer and his legs are spread further apart to counterbalance his outstretched arms. -There is a marked S-curve to his posture. -The arms break free into the surrounding piazza inviting the viewer to take in the entirety of the piece. The Early Roman Empire 27 BCE-96 CE P. G. 76-177 ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE 13-9 BCE -Ancient roman art -Dedicated to Augustus triumphant return from the capital after three years of establishing Roman rule in Gaul and Hispania. -It was aline with a giant sundial. -it contained propoganda of portraiture and allegory, religion and polotics and the private and the public. -on the inside of the alter there are foliate garlands susp stop in swags from ox skulls, which symbolize sacrificial fling at the alter during annual commemorations and garlands signify the go along peace and prosperity brought to the Roman world by Augustae. Augustaes royal Family is visualised on the south side of the Ara Pacis and represent his across-the-board family, possibly Marcus Agrippa (far left) who might have been his successor. The child pulling at Agrippas robe is possibly Agrippas son Gaius Caesar. The women next to Agrippa on the right may be Augustus married woman, Livia who grasps her younger sons hand (Germanicus) who is in beside Tiberius (the next emporer). tush Tiberius is Antonia, Augusts niece who looks at her husband Drusus (Livias younger son). -Pax Romana Roman Peace -pointifex maximus full(prenominal) priest 6. 34 & 6. 5 FL AVION AMPITHEATER (COLOSSEUM) 70-80 CE (ROME) -Tuscan fathom -Ionic middle -Corinthian on top -It was called the colosseum because the statue of Nero called the colossus stood next to it. -seating was by locate begin the rank higher you sat -Early Roman Empire -Flavion dynasty -begun on a lower floor Vespasian finished on a lower floor Titus -soldiers would fight animals -tiered seating with good sight lines from where you sit. -Top level covered by and onning -top story in referred to as attic -cartouche shield shaped ornaments -look at Roman arches High Imperial Art of Trajan and Hadrian 6. 38 MODEL OF majestic beard ROME 324 CEColosseum, Temple of Venus and Rome, Arch of Titus, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rorum of Vespasian, meeting place of Augustus, Forum of Julius Ceasar, Rostrum, Forum of Trajan, Basilica Ulpia, Colmn of Trajan, Patheon. 6. 45 THE PANTHEON 118-128 CE (ROME) -It was reinforced for the all the gods -built by Marcus Agrippa son in law of August us -it has a giant rotunda surmounted by a huge, bowl-shaped dome. -the oculus that allows light into the rotunda building shows a pattern-like administration when looking up at the coffers in the domes ceiling. -Corinthian columns -optimus is a skylight or opening in dome corticoid of columns -Exadraie break for the statues rectilinear and rounded arches -made out of brick and concrete (powdered lime, small rocks, pebbles, rubble) -produced during high regal period -Hadrian oversaw building of this he admired Greek art and arch. -podium or steps in front of building that lead to porch -Rotunda and dome -Pantheon means all the gods Early saviorian Art P. G. 228 OLD ST. PETERS BASILICA 320-327 (ROME) -It is a longitudinal-plan church service buildinges are characterized by a forecourt, the atrium, leading to an fascinate porch, the narthex, which spans one of the buildings short ends. The nave can be lit by windows along its upper level just under the clerestories, called a cle restory above the aisles roof. -At the opposite end of the nave from the narthex is a semicircular projection, the apse, which functions as the buildings focal point where the alter, raised on a platform. -plan is known as the Latin cross CHURCH OF SANTA COSTANZA 350 (ROME) -This church is a central-plan church, which were first used by the delivererians. -Central planned churches have an atrium, a narthex, and an apse. It has a central more vertical axis from the center up through the dome, which may have functioned as a symbolic neglect of paradise. 7. 15 ORATORY OF GALLA PLACIDIA 425-426 (RAVENNA) -It is one of the earliest surviving Christian structures in Ravenna is an oratory, which is a small chapel service). -Its named after Honorius half-sister Galla Placidia. -Galla Placidia was the daughter of Western Roman Emperor, the wife of a Gothic queen mole rat and the mother of Emperor Valentinian. -This small building is cruciform, which means cross-shaped. -Each arm is covere d with a Barrel vault and a pendentive dome covers the square base at its center. it is designed to make you incur as though you are walking from the real world to the weird world as you walk into the interior of the church. -the upper bulwarks are filled with standing apostles, gesturing like orators. Eternal spiritedness in heaven is symbolized by doves flanking a small fountain between the apostles. -The Marter caries a cross over his shoulder like a trophy gesturing towards the fire-engulfed grill he was roasted on martyrdom. The Gospels are to the left signifying the faith for which he gave his life. 7. 16 THE GOOD SHEPARD 425-426 (RAVENNA) Jesus is an adult emperor wearing olympian and opulent royal robes. He wears a flamboyant halo and carries a halcyonen staff that ends in a cross to represent his purple majesty. -Christianity was the official state of religion for the 45 years this is why the artist chose to depict Jesus in the mosaic. Early knotted Art 7. 17 CHUR CH OF HAGIA SOPHIA 532-537 (ISTANBUL) -ANTHEMIUS OF TRALLES AND ISIDORUS OF MILETUS -means Holy Wisdom -It was rebuilt after a devastating gross out that killed 30,000 people set fire to the old church burning it to the ground. -Anthemius and Miletus rebuilt the church in just 5 years longitudinal and central architectural planning -flanking conches-semi domes-extend the extend central space into longitudinal nave with the narthex on one end and the half dome of the sanctuary apse on the other. The core called the naos is flanked by side isles and galleries overlooking the naos. 7. 20 CHURCH OF SAN VITALE 520 (RAVENNA) -Ecclesius bishop of Ravenna commissioned 2 new churched one for the port and one the city. -A martyrium is a church built over a grave was dedicated to 4th-century Roman martyr St. Vitalis in the 520s -central domed octogon with circular rooms flanking the apse. the church and palace are joined by a separate oval narthex and access to molybdenum floor gallery. -It has a double set of doors leading into the church. 7. 21-7. 22 rescuer ENTHRONED, FLANKED BY ANGELS, ST. VITALIS AND BISHOP ECCLESIUS 547 ( RAVEENA) -Early Byzantine Art -Christ is flanked by St. Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius. -Christ appears dressed in imperial purple and en reard on an orb of paradise, which is evident because of the 4 rivers that flow at a lower place him. -two winged angels flank him, like imperial bodyguards or attendants. -Christ holds a spiral with 7 seals at his Second Coming at the end of time. he offers a crown to martyrdom (far left) labeled by St. Vitalis. -Bishop Eucclesius holds a modelling of the church offering it to Christ. 7. 23 EMPEROR JUSTINIAN AND HIS ATTENDANTS, NORTH WALL OF apse 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art -Justinian carries a mammoth golden paten that will be used to hold the Eucharitic Host and stands beside Maximianus, who holds a gold jewel crusty cross. The priests to the right hold carry the Gospels, in a golden jewel book that symbolizes the coming of Word, and a censer with burning incense to purify. 7. 24 EMPRESS THEODORA AND HER ATTENDANTS, SOUTH WALL OF THE APSE 547 (RAVENNA) -Early Byzantine Art Theodora wears a golden halo and elaborate crown while she stands under a fluted suit canopy, she carries a jeweled golden chalice. -The rulers present these vests as offe sound to Christ -At the bottom of Theodoras cloak the three Magi who brought gifts to Jesus are depicted. -Revolves around themes of offering -They stand beside a fountain and the open doorway and curtain are space-creating devices. 7. 35 christ PANTOKRATOR AT CREST OF CENTRAL DOME, WITH SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF CHRIST IN THE PENDENIVES, (GREECE) LATE 11TH CENTURY -Early Byzantine Art The video of the Pantokrator is at the centre of the dome like a divine surveyor. -Christ blesses the requisition with one hand and clutches a massive book in the other. -In the corners piers are four signal life episodes promulgation, parturition, Baptism and Transfiguration. 14. 13 14. 14 rook CHAPEL OF CHARLEMAGNE 792-805 (GERMANY) -The Carolingian Empire Was Charlemagnes private place of worship. -central octagonal plan with a monumental western entrance block. -It used westwork, which is a structure combined with a ground-floor narthex and an upper level throne room that opened onto the chapel interior. It also opened outside into a large walled forecourt. The core of the chapel is skirt by and ambulant and a gallery on the second floor which rises to a clerestory under the dome and above the gallery. -There are Corinthian columns on the gallery level. -This chapel was clearly exhortd by Byzantine Architecture with the mosaics and patterned multi-colored stone. 14. 16 SAINT GALL PLAN 817 (SWITZERLAND) -The Carolingian Empire -At the center of the paragon Gall Plan is the cloister, which is an enclosed courtyard which opens all the buildings that are roughly central to the lives of the monks. the large basilican c hurch to the north of the cloister is where monks would gain ground for communal prayer throughout the day and night. -on the north side of the church there were public buildings. -the monks living quarters were off to the southern and easterly sides of the cloister with the dormitory, refectory and work rooms. the kitchen, brewery and bakery were attached to the refectory and a huge cellar was on the west side. -Along the East edge there is a hospital, cemetery, and an educational center. 14. 24 DOORS OF BISHOP BERWARD 1015 (GERMANY) -Bronze doors are more than 16 feet tall. Ottonian Europe -cast in the illogical wax process -the left side depicted scenes from the Hebrew parole and the right was scenes from the new testament. -It depicts life in paradise, the fall, life in the new world and Eves children on the left and Promise of go on to Paradise, The passion, Infancy of Jesus and Marys child on the right. -all depicted in low relief Romanesque Art in the Roman sort P. G . 458 THE PILGRIMAGE ROUTES TO SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA -In the 11th and twelfth centuries religious pilgrimage became in truth popular in Western Europe. 15. 7-8 THE ABBEY AT CLUNY 1088-1130 (FRANCE) in the 2nd half of the 11th century there were 200 monks in residence. -The cloister is at the center of the monastic community joining the church with domestic buildings and workshops. -it had intricately carved capitals and relief sculptures on the piers. -it may have been to direct and inspire the monks thoughts and prayers. -Cluniac monks observed the traditional 8 hours of the Divine Office spread over the day and night. -The church was a basilica with five aisles, double transept with chapels and an ambulatory and radiating chapels around the alter. The nave had a three part elevation -it had pointed arches with Classical ornaments. -there were clerestory windows in individually bay and a pointed barrel vault with transverse arches. 15. 9 -10 NAVE, ABBEY CHURCH OF NOTRE-DAME, FONT ENAY 1139-1147 founded by St. Bernard of Clairvaux no interior ornamentation because he believed it would be a distraction to the monks Cistercians led a actually austere simple life Romanesque means in the Rome trend Feudalism lords owned lands loaned to Basils and bellow Basils were Peasants Building has simplicity, austerity Windows symbolize the dedicated trinity- father, son and the holy ghost Cloister is where the monks gathered Simple geometric plan with a long bay-divided nave, rectangular chapels off the square ended transept arms and a shallow choir. There are pointed barrel vaults over the nave and pointed arches in the nave arcade and side isle bays. 15. 22 SOUTH approach AND PORCH, SHOWING CHRIST IN MAJESTY, PRIORY CHURCH OF SAINT-PIERRE, MOISSAC 1115 (FRANCE) -Christ in Majesty dominates the kettledrum and is a visual of the Second Coming in chapters 4 and 5 of the Revelation. He is enclosed by a mandorla and a halo rings his head -the four winged creat ures symbolize the evangelists, Matthew the man, Mark the lion, Luke the ox and earth-closet the eagle. -rippling bands may represent waves in the sea of class like quartz THE LAST JUDGMENT TYMPANUM AT AUTUN 1120- 1130 (FRANCE) -GISLEBERTUS -Inscription in Latin on Christ -Mary is enthroned as Queen of heaven and St. Peter bellow is shown with the large keys slung over his shoulder as heavenly gatekeeper. -angel pushes the saved into open archway and into heaven another figure stands beside the angel impatiently waiting to be hoisted up as well. cross and scallop shell identify two bottom figures as former pilgrims and will be a element in their favor at the last judgment. -hell is represented as a Basilica with the devil emerging capturing sinners for eternal torment -he uses a exquisite hook to capture luxuria who is the personification for lust. Gothic Art of the 12th and 13th Centuries 16. 6 WEST FACADE, CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1134-1260 (FRANCE) -dedicated to the virgin Mary it s main treasure is a piece of cloth said to have been ill-defined by the virtuous Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. -It was a gift from Byzantine Empress Irene to Charlemagne surrounding the three doors is the Royal gateway used for important ceremonial entrances -the middle tympanum Christ enthroned in majesty returns at the end of time surrounded by 4 evangelists. The apostles in 4 groups of 3 fill the litel while 24 elders of the Apocalypse line the archivolts. -The right adit is dedicated to the Incarnation and shows Mary in the early life of Christ -in the left portal is the Ascension where Jesus floats up in a cloud supported by angels. -On the top of the three portals Jesus life on earth is depicted in a series of communicative scenes. abilitys, Queens and prophets from the Hebrew bible are what give the Royal Portal its name. 16. 10-11 NAVE & PLAN,CHARTERS CATHEDRAL 1194 (FRANCE) -Romanesque pilgrimage plan -became typical Gothic structure -it used pointed arches, rib bed groin vaults and flying buttresses. -upper level was now a triform or else than a gallery -the large clerestory windows are formed with lancets that have small circular rose windows done by plate tracery-holes attenuated in wall replaced with stained glass 16. 12 THE GOOD SAMARITAN window 1200-1210 (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL) -On sin and salvation and is Gothic narrative art -Jesus told his followers to discover a moral truth it is a parody for Jesus salvation for humanitys sins -Adam and Eves fall introduce sin into the world and Christ rescues humanity from sin -figures characterize gothic figures because of their dancelike postures 16. 13 ROSE WINDOW AND LANCETS (CHARTERS CATHEDRAL FRANCE) 1230-1235 -quatrefoils are four lobed designs in spite of appearance the rose itself The North Rose and its five lancet windows were a gift from Queen Blanche of Castille in 1230. -The rose window depicts the Glorification of the Virgin Virgin and Child surrounded by doves and angels, then sr. Testament kings and Old Testament prophets. Lancets, from left to right Melchizadek and King Saul King David and King Jeroboam St Anne and the infant Mary with the arms of the Royal House of France King Solomon and King Nebuchadezzar Aaron and Pharaoh. 16. 14-17 THE CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE-DAME IN REIMS 1211-1428 (FRANCE) -finished under Philip the Fair -five master masons enjoin the work over a century. -Mary is featured in the central portal, because of the developing popularity of her cult. -Christ crowns her as queen of heaven in the central gable. -the gallery of kinds is the besides horizontal element of the facade.WEST FACADE -It depicts Visitation and Mary on the left and Elizabeth pregnant with St. prat the Baptist on the right. -the figures are in contrapposto pose because their weight is shifted to one foot as they turn towards each other. -Villard highlighted an innovation that was the exploitation of bar tracery, where thin stone bars called mullions are inserted i nto the wall to form a lacy framework for the stained glass. 16. 31-32 PULPIT 1260 (ITALY) -NCOLA PISANO Corinthian columns -elevated and are carved in design of animals -gothic trefoil arch and 6 sided rostrum enunciation angle of Gabriel announces that Mary is pregnant with Christ -classical and naturalistic style -New Testament Subjects -Each panel narrates several continuous scenes such as Annunciation, Nativity and Adoration of the Shepherds. 16. 33 NATIVITY 1302-1310 (PISA) -GIOVANNI PISANO deeply carved setting -Mary gazing at her baby as the midwife below her prepares the bath for the child. -Sheep, shepherds and angels spiral up towards the trees to the right -it is as dynamic as Nicolas is static. Fourth carbon Art in Europe 17. 5 VIRGIN AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1280 (FLORENCE) -CIMABUE -tempera and gold on wood panel the Virgin and Child are surrounded by angels and places a row of Hebrew prophets below them. -Mary is depicted in hierarchy and holds Jesus on her lap. she looks at the viewer while gesturing at her son. -her throne is bronze with enamels and gems inset and provides framework for the figures. He uses thin gold lines to highlight the drapery of the figures to give them a sense of divinity. -he gives naturalistic transport and dimension to his human figures. 17. 6 VIRGIN AND CHILD ENTHRONED 1305-1310 (FLORENCE) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE tempera and gold on wood panel -painted for the church of Ognissanti figures are in a symmetrical composition and use the hierarchy scale like Cimabues Virgin and Child Enthroned. -Mary takes up a large amount of space and overwhelms her Gothic throne. -the halos also overlap the faces of the figures in the background -she holds her childs leg instead of pointing to him. -he has created a better sense of dimension compared to Cimabues -the angels are foreshortened and project towards us. 17. 7 SCROVEGNI (ARENA) CHAPEL 1305-1306 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -he covered the entrance wall with The Last Jud gment and the sanctuary wall with 3 scenes from the life of Christ. The Annunciation spreads over two painted architectural frameworks on either side of the opening to the sanctuary. -below and to the left of this is the scene of Judas getting payment for betraying Jesus and to the right the scene of Visitation where Mary pregnant with God is with Elisabeth who is pregnant with John the Baptist. -Colors complement each other, which is supposed to make the viewers relate them to each other -there is a grisaille which is a painting done in all grays -paint replicated marble and carved medallions on vertical bands -portrait disks float like zealous moons in the blue sky. 17. MARRIAGE AT CANA, RAISING OF LAZARUS, LAMENTATION AND RESURRECTION/NOLI ME TANGERE 1305-06 (PADUA) -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco -scene from Christs life -top left Jesus performs his first miracle, at the nuptials feast at Cana turning water to wine and the wine-steward sips it. -to the right is the fostering of La zarus where figures twist in space using gestures they react to the drama by pleading for the help of Jesus. Jesus eyes are locked on Lazarus. -on the lower left register is Jesuss followers grieving over his breathless body in a circle of grief. Mary holds her dead son and John flings his arms back in despair and hunches over the corps. 7. 9 KISS OF JUDAS SCROVEGNI (ARENA) ITALY 1305-06 -GIOTTO DI BONDONE -fresco the mark of betrayal that shows the first step to agony for Jesus. -they are slightly off-center in the foreground. -Judas wears the same outfit as in the scene of payment for his betrayal and looks as though he completely swallows Christs body. -faces glare from all directions -Jesus is calm hostile the figures in the rest of the scene. -Peter is seen lunging forward to cut off the ear of a member of the arresting retinue. -The scenes of cloth compress the chaos into the picture as if to protect the viewer.