Characteristics of a Typical Western :: Film, Media, movies, Film Analysis

A typical Western would usually be set in the late 19th century in the mid-west of America in a remote town. The town is usually small, l unmatchablely and unwelcoming. Typically a horse opera sandwich set looks like it is in the middle of a desert with sand, cacti and winged pigweed which gives a desert look, there atomic number 18 usually never either lakes or rivers nearly these features adopt the place look really red-hot and deserted. The buildings are generally timber board houses with swinging doors and outside the buildings are places to keep their horses, there is alike always a General retention and a Saloon. Horses and carriages and cattle are used to give a western feel. The cowboys are typically dressed in western style garb for example they wear simple shirts and jeans they may also wear ponchos, waist coats, hats, boots with spurs, guns and a belt to hold the gun and bullets, Heros tend to wear brightness clothing and the villains tend to wear darker clothi ng. The storyline is unremarkably about a paladin who comes to a town to bring pause and drive the villains out. A hero is usually seen as a vigilance man as he is not told to come to help simply does anyway. The hero often appears as a quiet, secretive, mysterious person who may make the audience admire him one minute and dislike him the next, he is also a very smart, cunning and adaptable which are all safe(p) values in a hero. The villain is usually fixed to one idea he thinks it is a smart cunning person but in the end is always defeated. Many scenes are set around the Saloon (bar) and there is quite often a romance confused with the hero and a local girl, the villain competing for her affections There are 2 different types of villains in typical westerns primordial Americans and white villains (cowboys).Westerns are stock split down into sub genres for example classical westerns like The Great school Robbery but there are also other western genres like revisionist we sterns. Revisionist westerns occurred after the early 1960s, American film-makers began to change many conventional elements of Westerns. One major change was the increasingly positive representation of Native Americans who had been treated as savages in earlier films. Another example is Spaghetti westerns, Spaghetti westerns first gear came during the 1960s and 1970s, The changes were a new European, larger-than-life visual style, a harsher, more knock-down-and-drag-out depiction of frontier life, choreographed gunfights and wide-screen close-ups.

Emma and Clueless Speech

Through close analysis of the novel Emma, by Jane Austen and the film Clueless by Amy Heckerling, we discover that both texts atomic number 18 influenced by, and deliberate the determines of their respective contexts. Emma is set in the isolated, rural town of Highbury, England in the early 1800s, at a time where fiat had placed judge on kind hierarchy. This distinction amid classes was largely determined by family lines and inheritance. It is in the upper class of society that Jane Austen places her protagonist, Emma, handsome, clever and richwith very little to distress or vex her.Emmas desirable dapple had led her to possess a self indulgent attitude towards life, as Austen intends her auditory sense to identify with the cynical remark that she has the power of having rather withal more her own focal point. However, Austen contradicts this third voice by the communication which establishes Emma to be a character of good intentions No papa, nobody persuasion of you w alking. This contrast between third person and dialogue creates a discrepancy between Emmas thoughts and Austens intrusive moralistic surveys.From the mockery present here, satire is created, encouraging the reader to reflect on Emmas behaviour as a reflection of the context of her society and the value put on social hierarchy and status. The opening scene of Amy Heckerlings film, Clueless, make in the 1990s, immediately adopts Austens ironic tone. The energetic montage and quick term of camera angles of Cher and her fellow teenagers indulging in luxurious activities in Beverly Hills USA, establishes the buttoned-down world in which the movie is set.Heckerling put forwards to her audience by creating such unfluctuating imagery, however she contradicts these perceptions by juxtaposing everything her audience views. The blaring song Were the kids in America provides ironic commentary in that it is strikingly lucid that these wet teenagers are the complete opposite from the aver age kids in America as they deport the ability to embrace all aspects of consumer ideals. Through this Heckerling establishes Cher as creation an imitation of Emma having too much her own way.The contrast between Chers first voiceover I actually have a way normal life for a teenage girl whilst she picks out her condition outfit on a computer allows Heckerling to provide an authorial voice, much like Austen, where she critiques teenage self absorption and the society that cultivates this trait. Both texts primarily focus on the social value of labor union, romance and wake. During Austens time, marriage was concerned as a way of preserving your social rank and financial status and often these values took primacy over romance.This is evident when Emma speaks that Mr Elton would give Harriet everything she wanted- consideration, independence, a proper home. Austen challenges societies values by making Emma oppose these views and have very little intention of marrying at all. Howe ver, Austen allows Emma to succumb to societys expectations with her marriage to Mr. Knightely. This reaffirms the reality of Austens society, she allows her audience to see her view but highlights that she cannot change this value.Heckerling chooses to replace the importance of marriage, with the importance of sex to retinue the context of contemporary society. Sex before marriage is a predominant issue in the film and is highlighted as common amongst most social classes. Tais comment to Cher Why am I correct listening to you- youre a virgin who cant promote reflects societies consideration as to what is important. Like Emma, Cher rejects her social expectations and admits to remaining a virgin.However, Heckerling sets up a paradox around Cher, exaggerating a materialistic and sexual light-haired who ironically remains a virgin despite this image. Although the importance of sex takes focus in the film, Heckerling chooses to end Clueless with a marriage, highlighting that it is hush up a value in modern society. Both Austen and Heckerling challenge their audience to confront their own presumptions concerning their societys values. Moral grooming is a value personified through meaning(a) figures in both protagonists lives.In Emma, Mr Knightely is the catalyst for Emmas moral education and growth. One of the significant turning points for Emmas transformation is the Box Hill incident where Emma cruelly insults Miss Bates. Jane Austen uses Mr Knightely to enter her novel to criticise Emmas behaviour Better be without sense, than misapply it as you do. In Clueless, it is rally who sparks Cher to make-over her soul. It is the incident when Cher insults Lucy say she is a Mexican and Josh insults her saying your such a brat that is the vehicle for Chers moral education and ultimately making her a better person.Through these men, both Austen and Heckerling are able to criticise not only Emma and Cher, but the moral values society shape as acceptable. Throug h exploring both texts, it becomes increasingly evident that both authors have attempted to reflect their societies. Through their protagonists, they challenge societies standards and expectations and appeal to their audience to overcome these barriers. Therefore we come to the point that while pitying nature does not change, the context and values do.

Article Analysis of Gasoline Consumption Essay

Gasoline is one of the nearly demanded resources that Americans count on to get us from orchestrate A to point B in our vehicles, and it is also used to help us change our homes. Ethanol with accelerator can be combined for a intermingle blow outoline, which is better for some vehicles. The following information is from two obliges appropriate for this topic. In the first article, Trends in U.S. Gasoline and Ethanol Use, and Petroleum Production and Imports by Dr. Robert Wisner, a Biofuels Economist with the Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, states that Several decades ago, the U.S. was a net exporter of petroleum products. However, that picture has changed dramatically in recent days as gasoline consumption trended upward and environmental constraints on new-fashioned wells plus declining production from existing wells failed to keep railyard with rising domestic demand. U.S. verve policies in the early 1990s were alter to encourage increased production of biofuels , in part because of a thirst to reduce the nations estimateence on imported vegetable oil (Wisner, 2011). The demand for gasoline and oil is unbelievable.Some observers suggest that oil keep company collusion, anticompetitive mergers, or other anticompetitive conduct (not market forces) may be the uncomplicated cause of higher(prenominal) gasoline values. If the market price of gasoline is higher than the equilibrium price, a disallow lean in the demand and wrick pass oning result. The negative slope of the demand curve for buyers bequeath implicate that the step demanded will be less than the equilibrium quantity. A tyrannical slope of the supply curve for sellers will mean that the quantity supplied will be greater than the equilibrium quantity hence the quantity supplied will be greater than the quantity demanded. If the market price of gasoline is down the stairs the equilibrium price will result in a negative slope and if that happens, the demand curve ensures that there will be a greater quantity demanded than at the equilibrium price. A positive slope of the supply curve ensures that there will be a smaller quantity supplied than at the equilibrium price.Hence the quantity demanded will slip away the quantity supplied. This excess demand will force consumers to spend more than than time looking for sellers who have the goods available, and to spend more time waiting in line if they do find a seller with the good. These seek costs and queuing costs will lead some consumers to offer more for the good, and hence the price will tend to rise. Dr. Wisner also states in the article that future trends in the nations use of these fuels will depend on a number of factors including the health of the economy and employment levels, self-propelling technology, the rate at which consumers accept hybrid automobiles, and the possibility of a lancinating increase in government-mandated fleet average fuel mileage requirements in the years ahead that has recently been advocated by administration officials. Blending of fermentation alcohol with gasoline is mandated to increase sharply in the 2012-2022 period (Wisner, 2011).Price press stud of demand is elastic when the percentage change in demands is greater than the percent change in price. Inelastic is the opposite. So, I would have to say that gasoline is inelastic because the demand for gas is high and even though prices be rising, people argon still buying gas, just not as much as they want to purchase. If there are substitutes (such as electricity or liquid fuel) for a gasoline usually will be elastic. If there are no substitutes it will be inelastic because it is a necessity.I know that no one is happy about gas prices rising, but everyone sure does get excited when the prices drop. When the price of gas increases, consumers will not purchase as much of the product as they would when prices decrease. In the second article, Explaining the variation in elasticity estim ates of gasoline demand in the United States A meta-analysis by Molly Espey, published in vital force Journal states that Espey examined 101 different studies and found that in the short-run (defined as one year or less), the average price-elasticity of demand for gasoline is -0.26.That is, a 10 percent hike in the price of gasoline lowers quantity demanded by 2.6 percent. In the recollective-run (defined as longer than one year), the price elasticity of demand is -0.58 a 10 percent hike in gasoline causes quantity demanded to decline by 5.8 percent in the long run. In conclusion, if the price of gasoline continues to rise, there will be a decrease in the demand of the product. If the price decreases, there will be an increase in the demand of the product. When prices are high, demand is low and when prices are low, demand is high. The prices of gasoline will fluctuate because demand is always high.Referenceshttp//www.agmrc.org/renewable_energy/energy/trends-in-u-s-gasoline-and-et hanol-use-and-petroleum-production-and-importshttp//www.ftc.gov/reports/gasprices05/050705gaspricesrpt.pdf

A Skit on Dr Apj Abdul Kalam

Grade 6 Fill in the blanks with grab terminology IWhen a child enters domesticate at his/her first level, he/she is non _____________ to __________ his/her mothers hand. He/she is in a ____________ record of mind. He/she exhibits emotions of ___________ and ____________. The instructor welcomes the child _______________. This first step of the child is a great change in his lifespan. When he/she enters the clique, he/she has been compared to a ___________ and the class has been compared to a ___________ (pupa).It is here that the child, with the help and teachings of his instructor, gains ___________ over time and they are flat compared to young ___________ who are ready to step into the _____________. IIChoose the go down answer 1What happens each year? Athe children ply the teacher to terminate on to the side by side(p) class. Bthe teacher tells the children to go away. Cthe children are non happy with the teacher. Dthe children are sad to leave their mothers at hom e. 2 The teacher is amazed to see such a miracle. By the sacred scripture miracle she doer Ahow the children have grownBchildren leaving her and going away. cream puff children grow into confident young children ready to move on to the next class. Dwonders what she has dvirtuoso to the children 3 By the term rustling of their wings she means Ashe can hear the rustling of the butterflys wings. Bthe butterflies make similarly much noise as they fly. Cthe flying of the birds. Dthe voices of children and their movement as they move out. 4 The teacher smellings proud and is in a mood of festivity because Ashe is happy that these naughty children are leaving her. Bshe is eagerly waiting for the smart batch of children.Cshe is happy that the children have successfully moved on with life. Dshe loves to celebrate. beginning rhymeIt means repetition of the same initial sound in excogitates that appear in close proximity. Some examples 1Betty bought whatsoever butter2Luke dower like s lakes. however the butter was bitterLukes block likes lakes. So she bought some better butterLuke Luck licks lakes. To make the bitter butter better Lucks duck licks lakes. Duck takes licks in lakes Luke Luck likes. Luke Luck takes licks in lakes duck likes. 3 Mo mi mo me send me a toe, Me me mo mi get me a mole, Mo mi mo me send me a toe,Fe me mo mi get me a mole, Mister kister feet so sweet, Mister kister where will I eat? IIIWrite a paragraph on Experiences of my first year in school. Ask your mother/father/other family members the heeding questions to compose well-nigh your first year in school 1What was your reaction on your first day to school? Where you scared/happy/reluctant to go? 2Did you want to go to school the next day? 3How many days did it take for you to settle down in class? 4How would you speak of your teacher when you returned home? 5What did your teacher tell your parents about you? What were the areas you needed to work to a greater extent at? 7What type of a bonding did you share with your teacher? 8What were your nips when you left wing your teacher after the academic session? 9How long did you take to array in the new class? 10For how long did you stay in touching with your first teacher? 11Do you still remember the teacher? METAPHOR Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality. For e. g. in the poem a childs first year at school is compared to metamorphosis, the life cycle of a butterfly. Young children have been referred to as caterpillars.Read the statements that contain metaphors. because tick the option with the correct answers 1Ramesh was a wall he relieve e actually goal against his team. This metaphor compares Ramesh to a wall because ________ Ahe was very toilsome Bhe was very tall Che kept returning the balls Dhis body was made of cells 2We were not left with much food because Manohar had eaten most of it. He is such a hog. Manohar has been compared to a hog because he _____ Alooked like a hog control like a hog Csmelled like a hog Dwas as smart as a hog 3The old man had no chance to run. The speeding car, a bolt of lightning, hit him hard.The car has been compared to a bolt of lightning because it was _______- Avery fast Bvery b mighty Cnot partial(p) of fleas Dvery old 4He refused to listen to anybody. He is such a mule. The metaphor compares him to a mule because he was _________ Aalways feeding oats Bable to do hard work Craised on a farm Dvery unregenerated 5she could leave her little son with anyone and he didnt trouble them. He is such an angel. The child has been compared to an angel because _____ Ahe is cute Blooks like an angel Che does not trouble anybody at all Dthe mother calls him an angel He has so much energy in him that he can work non-stop for hours. He is really a cavalry. He has been compared to a horse because ______ Ahe resembles a horse Bhe has the energy and stamina of a horse Che is as big as a horse Dhe loves horses Quiz of Prefi xes 1What does the expression unhurt mean? Ahurt seriously Bhurt Cnot hurt 2If you take away the prefix im from impolite, then the root word is polite. AtrueBfalse 3if you add the prefix un to the word wrap, what is the correct spell of the new word? AunrapB unnwrap C unwrapD unwrapp 4What do you do if you re-read a book?Aread it again B read it for the first time C dont read it 5if you take the prefix il away from the word illegal, what is the right word? Allegal B legal Clegall 6If you add the prefix im to the word mature, what is the correct spelling of the new word? Aimature Bimmature C neither of these 7Is the word illogical spell out correctly? Ayes B no 8The prefix re used in the words reopen and reapply means Anot B again C ill-use 9If you misjudge someone, you Adont judge them B judge them wrongly C judge them again 10To not approve of something means that youAunapprove B winnow out C disapprove Given below is a list of some statements. How often do the following prove to be true to you? rig the statements as a) always b) usually c) sometimes d) never I feel very comfortable sharing my secrets with my father/mother. My mother is not very educated. I am embarrassed to introduce her to my friends. Given a choice, Id love to spend time with my parents. I consult my parents whenever I am in a fix. I could give up my preferent activity to take care of my parents. I can discuss my ad hominem problems with my father. I dont feel embarrassed to express my feeling for my parents. I hate my parents when they do not allow me to have my way. I feel that my parents love my sister/brother more than me. Id rather celebrate my birthday with my parents than with my friends. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow Enid Blyton was born in London in 1897, the eldest of three children. She began her public life as a teacher, but soon turned to journalism, and often wrote about education. She then began to write childrens books. Her first book was a collection of poems for children.In the late 1930s, just before the Second World War, she started publishing Noddy stories for very small children and adventure stories such as The Famous Five and The out of sight Seven for older children. Not long after this she began writing her school serial publication, like Malory Towers and The Naughtiest Girl. Enid Blytons stories carry a clear message of right and wrong. Generations of children have enjoyed and continue to enjoy her work. She wrote over 600 books during her career of forty years. She bring outd in 1968 at the age of seventy-one. 1Enid Blyton is best known for being a a)teacherb) writerc) diary keeper Her first book was a collection of a)Noddy storiesb) adventure storiesc) poems 3)Name four series of books written by Enid Blyton. 4)What is the message in Enid Blytons books? 5)When was Enid Blyton born and when did she die? 6)Frame sentences with these words from the passage a)careerb) adventurec) message 7)Right and wrong is a common side of meat phrase. Join pairs of words from this list with and to make four phrases. Blackgoodherebuttereverywherewhitebadredtherebreadjam 8)Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in brackets a)This bag is _____________ than the one we saw in the other shop. expensive) b)May and June are the __________ months of the year. (warm) c)My _________________ storybook character is Harry Potter. (favourite) 9)Circle the correct words a)Rita has (much/many) friends in Dubai. b)Very (few/less) people attended the meeting yesterday. c)I have finished reading (many/most) of the book. d)Salma does not like sweets and _____________ (rarely/usually) eats them. e)My family __________ (often/seldom) visits the cinema as we are all fond of watching films. f)I take my pet dog for a walk ___________ (every/twice) a day.

Budget Cuts in Education Essay

Drastic switch offs in Floridas informational system argon in resulting increasing class sizes, the elimination of harmony, art, and other elective classes, the monumental reduction in extracurricular activities, and a diminished ability to house incentives for c championrs to wait teaching. The effectuate of these changes depart be a long end point negative impact on teachers ability to teach and decrease our school-age childs ability to learn. reckon cuts be forcing qualified teachers out of the classroom where they be almost effective and causing them to pursue other c arers or academic endeavors.As subjectd in State Impact, because of the shortage of notes of over $170 million, Broward County alone has laid off more than 2,400 employees and most of them piss been teachers (OConnor, 2011). Andy Ford, president of the Florida Education Association, the statewide teachers union, said the union is expecting just about 20,000 teacher layoffs (Castro, 2011). As a re sult of these layoffs, and current graduating teaching students, aim districts are left with a surplus of teachers. Many declare the luck to come suffer to work before the next cultivate stratum bulges but may not be at the alike(p) tutor or even teaching the same grade level.Because this is based on seniority, those teachers who slang been laid off and unfortunately are not one of the chosen to go back to work, stand been force to go back to indoctrinate to either continue to pursue their educational activity career or pursue a completely different major. Recent layoffs have resulted in, grow classroom sizes with potenti completelyy disastrous effect on student performance. thither erst was a time classrooms had a maximum of 20 students. In virtually states, classroom sizes have expanded to as much as 36 students in one class.According to Science Daily, reports show that students in small classes in grades four through half-dozen consistently have better results t han students in large classes. Those in small classes that had better cognitive and non-cognitive skills, had better scores on standardized national tests in grades six and nine, and perceived themselves as developing more self-confidence and greater intentness (Expertanswer, 2012). Budget cuts that result in inreased class sizes need to be make with these considerations in mind.Many people are not aware of the effect of medicine on students ability to learn and retain information, yet as documented previously, music classes are one of the first programs to be cut in this surroundings. According to Science Daily, there is without delay definitive induction of different brain development and improved memory of students who take music lessons when compared to those who do not (Press, 2006). Not exclusively do the brains of musically-trained children respond to music in a different way to those of the untrained children, but overly that the training improves their memory as rise .After one year the musically trained children performed better in a memory test that is jibe with general intelligence skills such as literacy, verbal memory, visuospatial processing, mathematics and IQ (Press, 2006). If it costs $2. 5 million to have an art program, music program, and animal(prenominal) education program, one can go steady why school are making these cuts, however in the light of this research provided, we can see that these cuts volition be coming at the expense of our students cognitive abilities.As the ciphers get smaller, and the expenses are getting bigger, specials and elective classes are being cut. medicine and art have been eliminated in some schools. In others, it is just class time. Students are not getting the basic musical and artistic education, which were once purchasable historic period ago. Teachers who used to teach elective classes are forced to teach core subjects if they still want a job. Physical education classes have as well as bee n cut in some schools or have been trim significantly.Some teachers work at two different schools. For example, troika daytimes out of the week, they may work at an elementary school and the other two days they may work at a middle or high school. As a result to tangible education being rock-bottom or eliminated, childhood obesity may be more of a concern. Because physical activity has been extremely reduced in many households because of television, it is important that students have physical education in school. Teachers do not have many incentives to continue teaching.There is no bills to purchase simple materials for the classroom. As said in domain Good, Public Cuts elementary schoolteachers have resorted to asking students to buy supplies at the outgrowth of the school year (Economists, 2011). A suggested list is available for the parents and these supplies are what the students will need for the duration of the school year. Many teachers spend their own notes to purch ase supplies as well. Students in middle school and high school do fundraisers to raise money for special events at their schools.The effects of these work out cuts are impacting every area of students academic experience including the frequency of the modify in the school textbooks. Schools typically updated their textbooks every few years, however with these figure cuts this researcher has found that students may be using the same textbooks for 10-15 years overdue to the lack of funds. Although this may not be an issue with some subjects, there are subjects, such as History and Social Studies that are subjects that require updated information as years go on. If students used the same textbook for 15 years, a History book would be abstracted three presidents.Textbooks are an essential part of students education and if there are no funds to purchase new ones, students in the United States will be behind compare to other countries are much more advanced concerning education. Fie ld hinge upons and extracurricular activities have been reduced or eliminated. Students do not have the chance to go on all the field trips that were once upon a time offered. Field trips that are now taken tend to be at the cost of the parents. Parents have been forced to come out-of-pocket for the entire cost of field trips.Schools also sponsor fundraisers to assist these parents in paying for some of those costly trips. For example, 5th grade students who are going on their end of the year trip may sell donuts or candy boxes in efforts to raise money to pay for that trip. Some schools do not have funding to continue specific sports. Fees have increased and parents are having pay out-of-pocket for students uniforms and to travel to games in order to continue these sport teams. Budget cuts are now negatively affecting the actual physical environment in which students learn.According to State Impact, future possible district calculate cuts in efforts to and jobs include eliminat ing art, music, technology and/or reading teachers to proceed up to $4. 1 million, eliminating middle and high school athletic programs and pitch $2. 2 million, and raising thermostats one degree to 78 degrees, the highest allowed by state law, saving $500,000 (OConnor, 2011). With increasing class sizes and increase in temperatures, students will now be forced to learn in cramped, potentially uncomfortable conditions that will impact negatively student learning.Given the negative impact of expound these budget cuts, it would be wise to consider alternative options to deal with budget shortfalls. Other options of saving money are available, such as teachers fetching extended holidays without pay. School district saved millions of dollars by closing all public schools two extra days during thanksgiving break. Schools should only have been constrainingd Wednesday through Friday but the district managed to get approval to close Monday and Tuesday as well. The economic condition ha s affected drastically the public schools due to the budget cuts they have faced.It has caused major setbacks because there is no money available to supply the materials these students need to learn effectively. At this rate, schools eventually will begin to shut down. Teachers have already begun to retire early because they can only foresee it getting worse. Something has got to give at this point, but it should not be at the expense of students education. If schools cannot teach students the simpler things, such as what encyclopedias are which may be an opportunity for parents to spend more hold fast time with their children and take them to the library to learn new things.Sooner than later, students in Pre-kindergarten and kindergarten will be attending school for half a day only instead of a full day in efforts to save money. It is imperative that parents encourage educational activities at home as well as physical activities. Broward County Schools are suffering drastically. A lthough they seem to have it judge out, cutting art, music, physical education, and other special programs may not be what is best for the students.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) System Potential Threats and Measures Taken to Protect It

Since the early 1980s, study applied science bemuse alter and revolutionized e re in onlyy aspect of our lives. We use selective culture engineering science to do our daily chores like shopping and reading the latest globular news at the comfort of our living room. It replaces old challenges with new possibilities. However, angiotensin-converting enzyme of the argonas that had evolved to this new demand in information technology but quite a in a slow phase is the healthc atomic number 18 industry. straight offs healthcare includes hospitals and private clinics.A lack of an effective vigilance of info about a disease and the treatment for saving lives can be put at risk. In previous years checkup information was stored only on paper and in one location, usually a patient ofs primary care physicians office or medical examination institute. People function to migrate to a different area or country, therefrom qualification it difficult to transfer piles of paperwo rk and medical records to any point of medical institution which a patient is seeking treatment.It is even more mazy when nearly patients visit more than a single physician or an institution and the process of organism treated by a different number of nurses, consulting specialists, diagnostic technicians and administrative staff. Paper-based medical record systems are oerly adding the unnecessary expense to a medical institution. Registration clerks, nurses spend unparalleled magazine away from patients attending to huge piles of paperwork. This adds up an huge financial burden inclusive for the storage of the medical records and wages for the administrative support staff.Miss-kept or missing medical records adds to the disjointed of precious time and can lead to unnecessary or duplicating of clinical tests. However, until recently, usage of information technology has augmentd and become prominent part of the healthcare industry. galore(postnominal) large hospitals and pri vate hospitals have made the transition from old-school paper medical records to EHR, Electronic wellness Record System. Early stages of an EHR System were base on a simple side but have advance tremendously. now EHR System is Web-based which are accessible across networks and utilizing GUI, Graphics User porthole for interactivity.Web-based EHR are easy to use, have the capabilities to organize and link information, strong multimedia system presentation capabilities, works on most hardware platform and direct system in the market which communicate done the Internet and issue access to medical records using web browsers and web technologies. Jamie R. Steck(1998), Director of IT from the commutation Utah Clinic stated that Efficiency has increased dramatically. We did an in-motion study in our records room, which showed that file electronically is 80 percent more efficient than filing manually, and weve seen show of that on a daily basis. Study shows that EHR is more efficien t than the prevalent process of filing the paper-medical records. Health institution of many sizes faces many demands and challenges when making the transition from paper records to EHR. Healthcare institutions are working hard to slenderize their reliance on handwritten records. EHR has improved patient care through greater and quicker access to patient information thence reduction medical errors due to paper-records. It to a fault significantly reduces test result and patient wait-times with a faster and more efficient workflow.It as well reduces record-keeping time consequently decreasing paperwork for administrative staff. EHR establish a better information and improved colloquy theory in a medical institution. It reduces the possibility of misplaced and lost records thus ensuring the patient record test results are available when needed. It reduces cost on paper and supply. But just as much as its ancestor, EHR are subjected to silence violations. Today, healthcares systems in developed countries are changing dramatically. These countries are looking into more inexpensive communication means using the cyberspace to achieve a more efficient and high quality EHR.With the increase of health care system on information technology, we must likewise look into the increasing number of threats resulting from distribution and the implementations of the EHR System. tolerants and doctors are aware of the trade protection requirements base upon the system with the usage of communications over pass and precarious network such as the internet. There are concerns over the privacy and security of electronic health information and they fall into two oecumenic categories 1. concerns about inappropriate releases of information from individual organizations 2. oncerns about the systemic flows of information throughout the health care and related industries National Research mission (1997, p. 54) The first category can result either from an authorized use rs who purposely or unintentionally access or distributes information in violation of the institution policy or from hackers who break into a institutions computer system. The second category refers to the open disclosure of patient health information to parties that may act against the bets of the patient or may in like manner be alleged as invading a patients privacy.EHR stored at medical institution are vulnerable to internal or external threats. Internal threats includes authorized system users or medical force out who abuse and misuses their privileges by accessing information for inappropriate reasons such as showing their friends, neighbors, colleagues or to leak information to the press for spite, revenge, or profit. External threats or unauthorized access, which is related to the open architecture of Internet, sometimes by revengeful former employees, angry patients, network intruders, hackers or others may steal information, damage systems, or disrupt operations.Till today, there have been modest amounts of evidence to gauge the exposure of EHR to external attacks as there are unsounded no tools for detecting attacks on EHR in the healthcare industry. In a case reported by Marbach, William D. (1983), so-called 414 group broke into a computer system at the National Cancer Institute in 1982, although no damages were reported. Study by the Federal Bureau of probe and the Computer Security Institute (CSI), CSI Director Patrice Rapalus(1996, p. 2) said, The information age has already arrived, but most organizations are woefully unprepared . . . making it easier for perpetrators to steal, spy, or debase without creation noticed and with little culpability if they are. Set of laws are being introduced for patient record privacy put strict demands on healthcare providers to protect patient information while using EHR while overlap the information with other patients. Six main factors are integrity, dependability, availability, confidentiality, au thenticity and accountability. Patient records involves very in the altogether information, which should only be disclosed to authorize users, thus confidentiality of the required entropy is essential.Integrity and availability of the services are also important. To accomplish the desire measure of information system security, a wheel of security policy models have been proposed and implemented in healthcare. One of the most widely use of security policy being adopted by medical institutions to protect patients information in a EHR System is the reference Based Access Control policy. Role Base Access Controls (RBAC) is the common land policy being used in an ERH System. These include two canonical types of access control mechanism that are used to protect information which are discretionary access control (DAC) and mandatory access controls ( macintosh).DAC is very supple hence it is not suitable for protection of health records. MAC on the other hand is stricter, allowing a mple space for flexibility and it requires all users handling the records to follow a set of rules administered by the system admin. RBAC in EHR System should have the advantages of both DAC and MAC. With the RBAC approach, EHR System should adopt the roles and the authorization management in its system. In RBAC, it identifies which staffs in a medical institution are authorized to view a patient medical record. It restricted the data from being abuse or falling to the wrong hands.Each and every medical staff in a medical institution are assigned a specific role and operates the EHR System according to their role. medical exam staffs are only allowed to view patients record that they are allowed to access. Not all data are being revealed to the every role. G. Pangalos(1998) states that EHR System identifies the following roles in its system 1. Patients. They have access to their own health institution, personal and demographic data. 2. Physicians. Main Users of EHR System. Make dia gnosis, admissions and treatment. Act on behalf of patients. 3. Doctors. responsible for the laboratory tests and evaluation results. 4. Nurses. Responsible for providing daily care to patients. Dont need to get it on any sensitive personal patient data. 5. opposite Healthcare Professionals. Responsible to perform treatments for example psychiatric consultation. 6. Administration. Responsible for collection of the administrative, social, personal and non-personal demographic and insurance information about the patient. 7. Local authorities. Specifically Government bodies have access to health records for research or investigation purposes and any sensitive personal data will not be reveal. segment of Health and Human Services (1998), in the proposed rule for security and electronic standards, .. from each one organization that uses communications or networks would be required to protect communications containing health information that are transmitted electronically over open n etworks so that they cannot be easily intercepted and interpreted by parties other than the mean recipient, and to protect their information systems from intruders trying to access systems through external communication points. (vol 63, No 155)As of the statement above given by the Department of Health and Human Services, all information that are sent over the internet must only be accessed by authorized receiver. Todays technologies allow users to prove their authenticity and with data encryptions allow data to be transmitted safely over the medium. Data encryption should be at a satisfactory level of security to protect against intruders, thus data integrity have been compromised. User authentication must also be present with the encryption and data transmission process to check off that the data sent are received by authorized receiver.Other than data encryption, a good firewall should also be implemented on the database server to avoid external intruders from accessing unautho rized data. Although these policies and counter measures are being implemented, unauthorized data leakages do still prevails. Medical records of celebrities and famous quite a little are sought after by the media around world. This is due to the interest of people and money. So patient plays a part in defend their own medical records. They have to put their trust in the medical institution where their records are being kept.

What You Have Learned About Why We Assess Young Children

Consider what you hurl learned about why we assess infantile tiddlerren. Based on pages 3133 ofAssessing and guiding Young Childrens Development and Learningand the video segment Overview of Assessment, shortly formulate the importance of developmentally appropriate sound judgments. ANS There argon different importance of developmentally appropriate assessments that I learned from our text. As a t severallyers we can not assume e real age are the same or answers an assumption about their development and learn style.It is very important to identify which area from each one child need superfluous foster and set a goal on how we can overhaul them out. Assessment help teachers to set a goal for each child in their care. Assessment info can used as intercourse log in a meeting with other staffs or with fire in a conference. Policymakers, the early childhood profession, and other stakeholders in young childrens lives have many shared responsibilities regarding effective ass essment (NAEYC & NAEC/SDE, 2003, p. 4).Using the information toasted on pages 36 of Assessing and Guiding Young Childrens Development and Learning, explain the responsibilities of each of these groups in ensuring effective assessment. ANS As a pro child care our responsibilities to ensure an effective assessment is to identify the make issue that we are trying to help each child on. mark off a goal and programs that can help to improve their literacy and development. After the assessment teachers should use the appropriate assessment methods on each child.Share their results with the children, their parent and others staffs. withal as the text stated developing valid pupil leveling procedures which use pupil assessment. Parent,policy makers and the general public with the accountability are judge to report their procedures and they are sensitive to children progress make sure children do well on their accountability tests. The test to this result are purchasable to everyo ne from teachers, parent to general public.Professionals must have detail information to present to other for children with peculiar(prenominal) needs. Teachers must be sensitive to children from different conclusion because their ways are different from United States systems. Most children are sack to have their first experience in speaking English in their classroom among their peers and their caregiver. Assessment must be done in the regenerate way to achieve the safe goal for each child in our care. Each child approaches, acts, and processes their world in unique ways.Effective assessment takes this singularity into account through sensitivity to individual abilities and linguistic, social, and cultural differences. Review pages 1823 ofAssessing and Guiding Young Childrens Development and Learning, and explain, using examples, why sensitivity to each of these factors is such an important component of effective assessment. Then, summarize the function fair and impartial a ssessment plays in achieving this sensitivity. ANS The reason why each of these factors on assess all children fairly is because children with disabilities are special in their own ways.Even though they may not fit in the category of their peers but they are still required to be challenges and have the right activities put in place for them. Other other legislate many children here in United States are from diverse homes. And as a teacher we must be sensitive to children culture and their ruling and value. Children that comes from different background from us may speak different from us and act in a different way, but we should judge them and conceive everyone act and do things differently. Because culture influence the way children thinks, the way they interact with pot around them.Example in Nigeria we are taught to always response to people that are older than us as yes, maam to never ague with adult is a way to show respect. Assessment information help teachers to identify which areas children needs help and it can be used as communication tools among staffs or other professional child care. However right assessment method must be use on each child to achieve the right information that I needed for each child. Reference Assessing and Guiding Young Childrens Development and Learning

Shadow Kiss Chapter 18

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Improving the process of target setting

Personalised larning alternatively of kids acquiring a iodine- size-fits-all schoolingPersonalised learning has incur ab start as consequence of a response to an Ofsted Inspection that pointed to the charter to better the procedure of mark puting for assimilators at an single degree.I was asked to locomote genius of 10 countries for this enterprise.The ag assemblageing I choose for the pilot program was an E2E free radical unlike separate E2E groups in the college who obtain their accomplishments on entry to practice these savants clear two E2E lessons and their chief clear upic which is a flat 1 Diploma in Bricklaying, a one twelvemonth relegate.My job is this the group I am kick the bucketing with on this enterprise have makings down the stairs what is needed for our new Diploma degree 1 in bricklaying. So we have brought them in for an excess afternoon for completion of two makings, origination to employment and a building Diploma. This I feel is stacking excess pee on a group which would fight on merely one making, the Diploma. ( Appendix 1 entry for 8/1/09 )I imbibe this group on a Friday forenoon for 1 hr of group tutorial followed up with single tutorials. My Individualized acquisition session follows these.each pupil provide be timetabled for a slot of ab go forth one-half an hr I have found that this varies greatly with each pupil more or less have needed 1 hr ( appendix 4 entry for 2/2/09 ) others merely 20 proceedingss. During this session we leave discourse their pragmatical appraisal theoretical vizors which they will construct in the processshop and see the virtues of clip care and building techniques of constructing these constructions. Upon completion they will so strike to critically measure how they have do and confer on what they could happen upon to accomplish a higher class on their future(a) undertaking.This is a monumental undertaking for whatsoever of these pupils as for just about pupils interr upting down a undertaking into manageable pieces and so reflecting how this could be achieved to a higher criterion is non necessary high on the docket of a 16 twelvemonth over-the-hill. During my Sessionss with my scholars I found it peculiarly demanding non to take in a leak over and give them excessively much advice this should be their larning curve non mine.I have found teaching pupils to reflect one of the most hard topics for them to pack their caputs and mine. I have used antithetic methods of considerateness from theorisers to hang in develop their broody accomplishments both bit good as mine. it is non until an unsure verbalise of affairs occurs a individual will intrust about what it is they are making to do sense of the state of affairs moonlight ( 1999 )Looked at how mirror image is linked to larning to include it as a procedure which restructures the modality the head thinks about issues to suit new larning or to upgrade old acquisition.Within Vocationa l instruction and the convergence mingled with that of go toing college and that of ensample within the work topographic point.Analyse the manner in which your has been put together etc ( eg Comparisons between journals/diary/log ( eg mope ) and comparing between affirmable different ways of showing the material-written, taped, drawings, maps, pictures ( eg Morgan, Buzan ) etc ledgerTheorists over the old ages have defined diaries in different ways. Jennifer Moon has explored how journal authorship has galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) intents and will come in many signifiers. A diary can give a sense of egotism-will of acquisition, enhances larning through authorship and encourages metacognition. Metacognition is a word that appears many propagation. Professor Michael Martinez from subdivision of Education at the University of California says this definition will go more(prenominal) elaborate and complete as our representing grows. Many instructors would depict Metaco gnition, kind of tolerably, as believing about thought. But I would suggest a more precise definition Metacognition is the monitoring and control of melodic theme . ( Martinez, 2006 ) Flavell defines metacognition as knowledge and knowledge about anything cognitive or anything psychological ( Flavell, 2006 adaptation ) is this excessively general? Professor Michael Martinez I feel has described this approximately right.The diary entries for this assignment have been used as a admonisher to what has taken topographic point over the last term. Although they have non cover every scholar who has participated in this pilot it gives an over position of some of the troubles which have surfaced and a few suggestions should the pilot run the undermentioned twelvemonth. My pass by on a diary for the scholars to utilize while working on this pilot came in the signifier of a work battalionThe work battalions provide a structured method of supervising advancement every bit good as seei ng scholars to pull off their ain acquisition efficaciously, to raise assurance and to better their accomplishments through puting ends and pain marks.Developed accomplishments of puting SMART act programsTargets have become smarter and scholars have become more actuate and marks have been achieved. more than assurance in discoursing their strengths, accomplishments and personal marks.More successful in run intoing deadlines, organizing themselves and pull offing their ain acquisition.A Over all the pupils have become brooding in what they doResearching personalised acquisition helped me understand a little more into what I was genuinely supposed to develop in this pilot it is shown that the attack induces constructions on the appraisal jobs and larning objects, severally, that can function as a footing for an competent adaptative appraisal of the scholars accomplishments, and for choosing individualized learning waies. ( Heller, Steiner, Hockemeyer, &038 A Albert, January 1 )What is brooding flesh? Debate the influence of theoreticians, eg Dewey, Schon, Kolb, Mezirow, Habermas, Friere, Boud, Keogh etc.. ( Moon and Hillier have good mentions to these ) ( LO 1 )Brooding conventionality in simple footings is larning from populate, every instructor has done this. There are many different theoreticians who have given their ideas to ruminative pattern. All have their ain consumption on how it should be done.As portion of any learning making this is now the needed acquisition. You as a instructor will analyze and debate the influence of theoretician and how they whitethorn outdo suit your demands when reflecting on a session you may good hold taught that twenty-four hours.The likes of Donald Schon who in the 1980s invented the term formulation -in -action to us, believing on the move this is when you would be reflecting while learning and accommodating you learning to possible tempers and state of affairss. This is something which has ever been carri ed out but had neer been defined. He thought instructors had in his footings become technicians by this he was mentioning to instructors who carried out the undertaking of learning for administrations to cover instruction jobs which occurred. The teachers themselves had non queried their values to how they taught. Some of his positions ran aboard David Kolb who I feel was one of the chief subscribers to how contemplation is now perceived. A few old ages before Donald Schon came up with his theories John Dewey created a speculation based on five strands of theory these were competent by theoreticians Mezirow and Freire who were flavour into how scholars could treat critical reflecting, they wondered if acquisition was a signifier of a hertz which would get down out as an experience developing into contemplation one time reflected upon leads to action and so becomes a concrete experience. The model they gave was a instructor has an brush with an angry pupil who failed an test . They labelled this as the experience. The contemplation was would be them seeking to explicate and do sense of the experience and comparison with other experiences, was it the same or was it a new experience.Talking to other instructors who may besides confront same state of affairss. This would so take to a class of action would so take to farther contemplation.Kolb by and by refined this procedure of contemplation farther by dividing it into two activities, comprehending and treating followed by a concluding phase called Abstract C at onceptualization In the decisive Reflection phase inquiries are asked about the experience in footings of old experiences, in the Abstract Conceptualization phase, we look to happen the replies. We come up with decisions and organize thoughts about experiences learned. From these thoughts came Experiential acquisition meterWhich have been adapted by many theoreticians through the old ages? ( The Internet TESL Journal, 1997 ) Kolb in my eye simp lified the theories of Schon, Dewey Mezirow and Freire. Why I feel Kolb s learning rhythm is used to great extent as a larning tool in instructor preparation classs.Stephen Brookfield breaks down contemplation into premises.Paradigmatic premises as the hardest of common chord to bring out. This relates to facts which we know to be true. Brookfield so says it would take a gigantic sum of contrary grounds and disconfirming experiences to alter them, but one time changed the effects for our lives are explosive. The other two are normative and causal premisesWhat are the features of a brooding practician? ( hold forth checklist eg Hillier ) ( LO 1 )In footings of analyzing the situation/theme you have identified, what theoretical account of brooding pattern have you found most utile? ( eg Ghaye and Ghaye, Brookfield, Peters, Burgess, etc etc through my research it was proven that we as the instructors can merely help in the contemplation procedure, we can merely supply the construct ion or the foreplay to steer the scholar, it is up to learner to pull out their ain experiences and develop their ain ideas on how they may come on or better. The scholar can merely better if the scholar motivations to do that attempt.Habermas said that he thought self-reflection needed one portion of yourself to be split from the other in such a mode that the topic can be in a place to render assistance to itself. ( Habermas )Although this seem a good remark at first, I would happen this peculiarly vexed to transport out, allow entirely a pupil with a simple attack to this construct. How could you divide yourself from the undertaking? The thought is to be able to self reflect. A 2nd party is so needed, perchance the instructor would necessitate to step in to ease, is this non what we do?In my sentiment, a more true-to-life(prenominal) and manageable attack would be that of Stephen BrookfieldStephen Brookfield used a procedure cognise as the four critical reflective lenses. U nlike Habermas this brooding pattern is broken down into four countries all trusting on different state of affairss. Brookfield explains that the four countries areOur car lifes as pupil and instructorsThe instructors looking at ourselves from the other side of the mirror, linking us to what the pupil would see. This would transport out through personal self- contemplation as Habermas had based his brooding pattern on. Using Personal reflective pattern you will go conscious(predicate) of matter-of-fact premises on how we teach. Brookfield so says that self-reflection can a times be less painful than subjecting ourselves to the examination of others , this I find really true being a private type of individual. Once we understand what this all means we can so kick the bucket on to the following phase.Our pupils eyes.This I used in my ain instruction idea I could see how pupils had perceived me by associating back to myself as an learner and my referee seeking to explicate to me how I had gone astray on a theoretical account, learning methods although different so still had the same youthful pupils as of today, unsure and needing support. Although this was my reading on what I saw, my pupils had different thoughts acquiring to cognize the pupil is easier than acquiring their compute and trust. Without these two standards it is difficult to acquire any accurate feedback. In category if pupils look bored or have lost involvement attempt to travel on to a more interesting subject or present a functional activity Donald Schon describes this as contemplation in action. This has worked for me although non ideal for this E2E group. Groups such as 2nd or 3rd twelvemonth have fallen into the Brookfield class every bit Brookfield as predicted the longer you work with the group regard and trust can boom.Colleagues ExperiencesPeer observations giving feedback have been used during this pilot although non in this peculiar session but with this group. The feedback fr om co-workers ever welcome oddly from person who can give critical contemplation and advice.Theoretical writingsthis can sometimes assist us to gain what we thought were countries of possible bad or wrong instruction, but happen this is non ever the typesetters case it can be down to possible state of affairs that we may hold been put into.Example Not hold the right resources for the occupation or perchance being chosen to learn a topic high hat suited to person with back land cognition and site experience. This is non to state that with experience this would non come.What are the advantages and defects of these theoretical accounts? ( LO2 )What has your selected theoretical account of brooding pattern enabled you to see and gain? ( eg impact of state of affairs on colleagues/ student perceptual experiences ref Brookfield or function of the formalizing organic structure in this state of affairs ref Ghaye and Ghaye, larning that has occurred ( Atkins and Murphy ) ( LO 2,4 )What h as aided or hindered your contemplation and brooding pattern? eg your ain personality, characteristics of the environment in which you work, mentors/work follow/emotional involvement/ etc.. Moon, King and Kitchener, Boud etc ( LO 3 )The category have struggled with the idea of holding to pass clip reflecting on what they have achieved in their practical Sessionss in the workshop.Development of reflecting has non come easy to many of the scholars. Many of the group happen it difficult to show themselves, either through authorship or verbal communicating. The group happen it difficult to concentrate for more than 20 proceedingss at a clip. So interrupting the Sessionss down to smaller Sessionss meant that we did nt acquire to a sufficient phase to reflect on anything.Barriers to the pilotSome scholars were proscribe to the idea of taking on excess work on top of the E2E and Diploma, although this pilot was non explained to the group as excess work in any manner. I have besides found many of the staff to be in a negative mentality when seeking to discourse the allow for of such a undertaking. This in bend has meant I have had to travel to other sections in the college those of which are besides transporting out other countries of the pilot to discourse this.The individualized work battalion developed for this pilot has had many alterations this is due to the practical theoretical accounts and strategy of larning altering about once a term. This so alters the practical theoretical accounts list. The pupils find this off seting and in some instances put the contemplation back a phase or two, as the scholar thinks they are come oning merely to happen the work burden go oning.Foils to the pilotThe foils are at that place to turn out the barriers and there are several co-workers that I have that want to see this pilot win. The caput of School has been behind the pilot and has been a cardinal protagonist in the backup of this. He has spoken in deepness to differen t caputs of school to assist happen the resources to help with the learning of this, using the aid of other members of staff in other sections, enabling the group to hold the right schoolroom to work from and to associate both our practical and personalised learning Sessionss.Another foil has been that some scholars have now developed an understanding why contemplation is needed to assist better their result and development.What is the following measure in footings of the results of your contemplation, ( eg Kolb, Mc niff Action Research, Schon/your PDP/training )My following measure to developing this is ..What will you make to set the benefits of this contemplation into pattern ( eg course of study devt-Race, Gibbs/curriculum direction Preedy, Levacic, Lumby, /Team building-Handy/ partnership Huxham, Childs/ motive etc etc ( LO 5 )And in footings of your brooding capablenesss ( eg save to mention to theoretical accounts of brooding practice/ mentor/critical friends/action research/team meetings/ Moon ( LO 5 )PS usage as many mentions in the reader as possible

Commentary on Sonnet ¨Atlantis¨

Around 350 BC, Plato wrote about a beautiful island in the Atlantic Ocean that went under the ocean waves in one day and one night. Atlantis A Lost Sonnet by Eavan Boland does non follow from head to toe the standards of a sonnet, being able to give away it by the length of 14 lines and its GG rhyme scheme at the end. This poesy is able to move from a question about Atlantis to a repositing of the author and final examly to the overall meaning about memories. Boland is able to stimulate a close and ad hominem atmosphere doneout this sonnet through a first person narrator, the use of word choice and rhetorical questions.It is the type of narrator in a poem that helps the endorser delineate itself with. In this case, Atlantis is written in first person, meaning that the reader relates to the temperaments personal thoughts and feelings. At the beginning of the poem she emphasizes the word I in relation to her thoughts about the myth of the missing urban center, How on orb d id it happen, I used to wonder(1). In this way making the reader enter and try to understand the authors view on this surreal event. fleck at the centre she changes the use of the word I to describe her feeling, I miss our old city you and I meeting(7-8).Explaining a study change in the meaning of the poem since she is no longer lecture about Atlantis but if not on her past love, someone she misses. universe able to compare them both since their overall meaning of lost and disappeared endlessly is the same. Moreover, Boland chooses to further on explain the meaning in her poem establish on the simple word choice that compares both scenarios. Straightforward course like under, missed and drowned are used in this poem because of their devilfold meaning one fine day at peace(p)(a) under? (4) surely a great city must expect been missed? (6) ave their melancholy a plant and drowned it. (14). At the end we see how this words conflate perfectly with both ideas. Given t hat Atlantis is recognized as a city that drowned and left no evidence, we say it is hidden underneath the ocean.This idea of fade is a perfect example that the author is able to connect to her personal emotions of someone she really misses and will n constantly come back to her life sentence which would actually make the reader think about how the author stubborn to use this city as a representation of her now gone lover. So why is a rhetorical question applied in this sonnet? It is primarily to chieve a stronger and direct statement with no collect of answering the question. In this poem there are two questions at the start and middle part one fine day gone under? (4) Surely a great city must have been missed? (6), both of this are talking about Atlantis. In a sort of way, the author is being sarcastic because uncomplete she nor we will ever know the true answer since it is a legend with thousands of explanations but neither one is 100% accurate. At the end, this types of qu estions cause the reader to connect to her judgments in a stronger way since they would also want to know how a city may disappear right under our noses.As a final point, the message of this powerful poem is understood in its last two most important lines, to convey that what is gone is gone forever and never found it. And so, in the best traditions of where we come from, they gave their sorrow a name and drowned it. (12-14). Boland?s simple rhyme, imagery, and use of personification create the final resultant role of the authors feelings and thoughts towards a past which cannot be recovered overleap with your memory.

Ethics in Psychology Essay

The definition of ethics is as follows a theory or system of moral values the prevalent nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person. (dictionary.com ) In modern day society, we have bio-ethicists professionals who are trained to judge what can be considered honorable, as well as strict guidelines set forth by the APA (American Psychological connective). However, during the early years of the formation of psychology, there were no bio-ethicists or universal guidelines, therefore just about of the early investigateations such as the short(p) Albert, and aim Attachment would be considered wrong and therefore would not be permitted today.In 1920, behaviorist tail end B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment now called the Little Albert. The desired outcome of the experiment was to show empirical evidence of classical condition in humans. (T. Bartlett) A similar study that preceded Little Albert was conducted by Russian p hysiologist Ivan Pavlov, which demonstrated the conditioning process in dogs. It is said that Watson wanted to continue and further Pavlovs research to eventually show that emotional reactions could be classically well-educated in humans. Watson and Rayner low selected a nine month old muff from a local hospital, his name was Douglas Merritte.The child was then exposed to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks, and burning newspapers his sign reactions were observed and recorded. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. However, the second time the boy was exposed to the white rat, it is accompanied by a loud starling clang, that clearly frightens the child. This portion of the experiment is repeated nonuple times until the mere sight of the white rat, or creatures that have a similar appearance, frighten the child even when unaccompanied by the startlingly clang. The researchers have successfully conditioned Little Albe rt to be afraid. (T. Bartlett)Today Little Albert is considered to be a cruel experiment of perplexityable value, clearly in violation of all five of the APAs general ethical guidelines. The APA states that psychologists must(prenominal) respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Be aware that additional safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making. Be aware of and respect cultural, individual and image differences, including those found on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, dis capacity, language and socioeconomic status and consider these eventors when working with members of such groups.Try to eliminate the movement on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not wittingly participate in or condone activities of others based upon such prejudices.(APA) The first problem with Little Albert stems from the harm caused to the individual in question. Douglas Merritte was ultimately dictated to feel innate fear and even terror when exposed to anything that remotely resembled the white rat. This was noeticly damaging for the child, and may have impaired his ability to integrate himself into society at a later date. (Cherry. K) Secondly, the right to leave out was not present in the experiment even when the boy became demented and even ill the experiment continued. Therefore, today, the Little Albert experiment would be considered highly unethical.During the 1960s, American Psychologist Harry Harlow, conducted a series of controvertial experiments known as the render Attachment Experiments. These experiments were used to analyze the mother-child relationship in primates. In Harlows initial experiments, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers shortly aft(prenominal) birth and were raised instead by surrogate mothers made each wire or soft terry cloth. In one experiment both types of surrogates were present in the cage, but only one was outfit with the ability to nurse the infant. Some infants received nourishment from the wire surrogate, and others were cater from the cloth mother.Harlow established that mother love was really behavior based, meat the offspring would seek physical comfort, rather than feeding. Harlows isolation studies in like manner demonstrated the need for maternal interaction with their infants and the importance of campaign as part of the normal process of psychosocial growth. Harlow has received multiple awards for these experiments, they have been deemed of extreme significance for understanding those aspects of human behavior related to depression, aggression or sexual dysfunction, which originated in the formative years of mother-infant interaction.(Theodore Lidz of Yale University Medical School). However, due to the fact tha t the experiments caused extreme psychological effects on the primates used in the trials, they could be seen as highly unethical. In the APAs ethical principles of psychology, prick 8.09 clearly states that psychologists must have a Humane Care and apply of Animals in Research. Subsections B and D of section 8.09 are relevant when considering Harlows treatment of the primates.Subsection B states Psychologists trained in research methods and experienced in the care of laboratory animals supervise all procedures involving animals and are amenable for ensuring appropriate consideration of their comfort, health and humane treatment (APA). In the Mother Attachment experiments, Harlow himself was not trained in the research methods and experienced in the care of the primates, nor was there any consideration for their comfort or mental health after the experiment. Furthermore, subsection D states that Psychologists make reasonable efforts to minify the discomfort, infection, illness a nd pain of animal subjects (APA). Harlow failed to minimize the negative effects of his experiments on the primates in a long term setting closely primates involved in the study were clinically depressed after the termination and in some cases during the experiment.Therefore, in accordance to the APAs ethical guidelines Harlows experiment would be seen as morally questionable and in most cases unethical in modern society.There is no question that the science which is psychology has been built and greatly advanced through the meaning of what some would consider unethical means and experimentation. Little Albert is seen today as a cruel experiment of questionable value. However knowledge was gained from this unethical experiment that has helped modern day psychologists. The Mother Attachment experiments, have win multiple awards for their extreme significance (Theodore Lidz) in the analysis of behavior based on the mother-child relationship despite the fierce criticism and controve rsysurround the experiments. Should both experiments be considered morally wrong and unethical? Perhaps. Did both experiments play a large role in the advancement of psychology? Without a doubt. Therefore in Harlow and Watsons cases, the end justifies the means.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association (APA). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx?item=3Bartlett, T. (2012). The Sad Saga of Little Albert Gets Far Worse for a Researchers Reputation . Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 58(Issue 23), A-26.Cherry, K. Psychology Complete Guide to Psychology for Students, Educators & Enthusiasts. Little Albert The Little Albert Experiment. Retrieved December 10, 2012, from http//psychology.about.com/od/classicpsychologystudies/a/little-albert-experiment.htm(1975). recognize Harlow for dedicated research . Science News , Vol.107 (Issue 24), 383.

What motivates people at work? Essay

There meet been a large number of theories hearing into motif at work and the factors which affect it. In this essay I provide be exploring three key theories in the bea, each provides a precise antithetical angle on what activates employees at work.To begin I exit look at a need hypothesis of motive, Herzbergs Two-Factor system (1959), as the name suggests need theories concentrate on the needs of the employee as the main source of pauperization. Herzberg built upon Maslows hugely prestigious Hierarchy of Needs (1954). Conducting look into on 203 American accountants and engineers he looked at what makes employees contented and dissatisfied at work. Contrary to Maslows hypothesis Herzberg suggests that motivation is non measured on one linear scale from satisfied to dissatisfied, and rather the two be independent of each different and form separate scales. The first group which determines dissatisfaction (or de-motivation) are named Hygiene factors which overwh elm our basic needs such as our pay and safety. The addition or improvement of hygiene factors can only lead to contentment in employees and not motivation.The second group which determines satisfaction are named Motivators, these include our inhering needs such as our need to achieve, to be recognised and minded(p) responsibility. A decline or lack of motivators will not de- touch off employees, notwithstanding adding them can lead to change magnituded motivation. Research on the possible action has provided two support and criticism. To begin with the surmise is supported by the number of palmy replications as reported by Hodgetts and Luthans (1991), these replications be in possession of taken place across the world and in a wide variety of different line of reasoning sectors and lock away achieved the corresponding results. The main area of criticism for the Two-Factor theory stone pits the methodological analysis of the research it was derived from. Soliman (1970) pointed tabu that the tendency of subjects to give soci completelyy desirable answers would have impacted the answers participants gave to Herzbergs open ended questions. In addition there is a tendency for tribe to attribute negative situations to another(prenominal)s and positive to themselves e.g.I tangle satisfaction when I achieved and was recognised for it or I was dissatisfied when the familiarity paid me late. This biased attribution of satisfying and dissatisfying situations is another caseful of a problem with the methodology. More problems with the methodology are certifyn by domiciliate and Wigdor (1967). After re-analysing Herzbergs original results they concluded that factors described as universe either a hygiene or motivator were not mutu everyy exclusive. In many cases the addition of Hygiene factors can act to motivate deal, likewise a lack of Motivator factors can causes dissatisfaction. and as well as looking at the empirical research on the theo ry we must also think about its value when often use to the workplace.In support of the theory it does, to a certain conclusion makes sense. If one month you miss out on pay or are required to do close tothing dangerous you would be dissatisfied. At the same time employees do not whole tone satisfied or cause by safe working conditions or world paid on time because it is what they expect. The same goes for Motivator factors, an employee would feel to a greater end satisfied if they original a psycheal compliment from the boss but it is incredible that they would feel dissatisfied if it didnt happen. They certainly wouldnt expect it every day. save one key problem with the theory is that it fails to take into account the ine tone between satisfaction and motivation. An employee whitethorn be satisfied at work, they may obtain all the motivator factors outlined in the theory but this does not mean they will automatically be motivated to be as productive as they can be.Ano ther criticism is that the theory does not account for various(prenominal) differences, employees are not all the same, some may be more materialistic and be motivated more by monetary reward. Some strive for achievement and are unstrained to do anything to gain the respect of their peers and high status in spite of appearance the parentage while others may be content with their job and just deprivation to keep their heads down and get on with it. Put exactly, while being given responsibility may satisfy some people others may find it an unpleasant addition to their job. In summary the Two-Factor model and its financial backing research have been found to have good re-test and cross cultural reliability but has been heavily criticised for its validity and methodology. Although this weakens the value of the theory it has liquid been extremely influential and can be practically utilise in most organizations as a method by which staff motivation can be monitored and improved. Next I am going to look at the ending Setting Theory Locke (1969). The basic premise of the theory is that by positionting a design you can increase a soulfulnesss motivation and performance. This increase in performance is payable to the motivational influence of goals in 4 key areas (as cited in wood 2010). The first is that goals help to focus a someones economic aid and behaviour in the correct placeion. Secondly goals have the effect of increase the effort a person is willing expend. Thirdly the addition of a goal increase the amount of a time a person will spend on a specific task. Finally they motivate an individual to seek out and apply relevant knowledge and skills in order to complete the goal. This is how the goal setting theory explains why we are motivated by goals. In addition to this Locke and Latham (1990) throw forward 5 key features of a goal which determine how motivating it is, to be useful goals must be1) Specific, a goal which gives a specific targ et is more motivating whence goals which simply require a person to do your best. 2) Measurable, a measurable target enables a person to track their progress towards the goal and alter their effort and method accordingly. 3) Time-Bound, applying a deadline to achieving the goal enables a person to better manage their time and effort. 4) Challenging, it is unlikely that an easy goal will motivate a person to put in maximum effort. By making the goal challenging people are come to and required to work harder in order to achieve. 5) Attainable, having a goal which is impossible to achieve is likely to de-motivate a person, why would a person put effort in if they have no line up of success. It must be trustworthyistically possible to achieve goals. The theory provides a good detailed description of both how and why people are motivated.It has been one of the most widely researched areas within motivational psychology and is still very much an evolving area. Research by Latham and B aldes (1975) put the core speculation of the goal setting theory to the test in a real world setting. They introduced the goal of reaching 94% efficiency in the effect of trucks (previously at just 60%) to a group of employees in a logging company. The employees were motivated by the goal and successfully achieved (and often surpassed) it and go on to work consistently at the target rate. To have achieved the same increase in efficiency without intention theory (by purchasing more trucks) would have cost the company $250,000. Another example of research supporting the Goal setting theory comes from Blumenfeld and Leidy (1969).They found that 55 engineers in charge of easily drinks machines checked considerably more machines when set a goal then when no goal was set. Furthermore it was found that engineers checked more machines when set a challenging goal then if set an easy goal. A key problem with the methodology of both pieces of supporting research above is that there w as little control over extraneous variables. For example Latham and Baldes (1975) did show a huge increase in productivity, but this may not have been due to the addition of a goal. Perhaps the competitive constitution of the loggers lead to an increase in efficiency, it may also have simply been down to the increased supervision the workers received at the time. Again it is alpha to look at the theory in terms of its practical finishing in the workplace. Its key strength is that it does appear to work as a method of increasing motivation, however again the theory fails to account for individual differences. Employees who are already highly motivated at work would avail from goals being set it would push them and enable them to prove themselves.However other less confident employees may not enjoy the competitive spirit of workplace goals and targets, it could even cause stress and discomfort and leads to a decline in motivation. In addition, when you direct a persons attendan ce and effort towards one specific goal you may get a decrease in performance in other tasks. A goal may not increase motivation but just direct it. For example if you give hospital staff the target of seeing all patients within 10 minuets they may achieve the target but at the cost of service and quality of treatment. This would obviously be detrimental to the quality of work on the whole. A final point to consider is that all employees have different levels of ability so in order for goals to push an employee but still remain achievable they must be one at a time tailored.As well as being impractical in a large business Equality theories (discussed next) would suggest that giving some people easier targets than others may actually lead to a reduction in motivation. On the whole Goal Theories are very useful and practical when applied in the right circumstances. Perhaps one weakness of both the theory and supporting research is in its inability to account for causes of demotivatio n in an organization. However the research shows that goals do motivate people at work, yet when applied to an organizational environment we see possible drawbacks and potential voicelessies which are difficult to overcome.The final theory I am going to examine is the organizational arbitrator Theory which builds upon the equity theory put forward by Adams (1963). The organisational Justice theory has been constructed from theory and research contributed by a authoritative number of psychologists, certainly too many to list in their entirety. However two key contributors worth noting are Greenberg (1987a) who coined the term Organizational Justice and conducted much of the early research and Mowday (1987) (cited in Greenberg 1990) who has had a significant impact on the theory. The core belief of the theory is that employees can be motivated (or de-motivated) by their perception of how fairly they are being treat at work in comparison to their colleagues. The theory suggest s three different types of justice which can be sensed. The first is Distributive Justice, which looks at the extent to which an employee thinks they are being fairly rewarded for the work they put in compared to others, the theory suggest that a person will either increase or decrease their level of input in order to balance out and restore equality.The second is Procedural Justice, this looks at how fair a person feels the procedures and systems are within a business, for example is holiday date apportioning fair. The third is Interactional Justice, this is the least researched area and compromises of two parts Informational Justice describes how well informed a person is about the decisions taken within a business, using holiday as an example again it may be explained to an employee why they can not have the holiday they asked for. social Justice describes the extent to which someone feels they are treated with respect. As with the Goal setting theory there has been a consider able amount of research put into Organizational Justice theory. In a recent schooling Zapata-Phelan, Colquitt, Scott and Livingston (2009) (cited in Woods 2010) looked at how procedural and interaction justice realized motivation and in turn performance. They found that when a person perceived high procedural justice in an organization there was an increase in motivation, leading to an increase in performance.