What Effects Does Reading Recovery Have on Student Learning Research Paper

What Effects Does Reading recuperation Have on Student Learning - Research Paper ExampleThis paper seeks to explore what effects Reading recovery has on student learning with special reference to the significance of reading recuperation intervention and the various approaches employed by specialist instructors.Definition of Reading Recovery Reading Recovery is understood as a supplementary education program for the lowest-achieving first-grade children. For Dr. Marie Clay, reading is a message-getting, problem-solving activity which increases in power and flexibility the more it is practiced and that within the directional constraints of the printers cue, language and opthalmic perception responses are purposefully directed by the reader in some integrated management to the problem of extracting meaning from cues in a text, in sequence, so that the reader brings a maximum of sympathy to the authors message (Clay, 1991, p. 6). As the quotation makes it clear, the first grade st udent should be practised to acquire the message behind the reading process and it is the duty of the instructor to identify the stumbling blocks before the learner and to help him for problem solution.Goal and specifics of Reading Recovery According to Wilson and Daviss, the goal of Reading Recovery is to dramatically reduce the number of first-grade students who have extreme difficulty learning to read and write and to reduce the approach of these learners to educational systems (Reading Recovery Basic Facts 2010). For this, it is essential that the instructors identify the right lowest-achieving first graders and entrust them to a particularly trained Reading Recovery teacher who is able to build their confidence level and enable them to browse independently in the regular classroom. The selected students are offered a half-hour lesson each school day for 12 to 20 weeks with a specially trained Reading Recovery teacher and their lessons are discontinued as soon as the teacher feels

Political Climate in 1980s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Climate in 1980s - Essay ExampleLiberals were later on wont to pronounce, to be sure, that conservatives were giving plain answers to difficult dilemmas. But the predicaments were multifaceted for the liberals only because they persisted on misinterpreting them at a very plain level.The depression time was intensified as conservatives were triumphed two times in the 1980s -- the corollaries of which prolong to reverberate - the first was the victory of the West in the Cold War the flash the intellectual victory of free-market economics over economic aimning. Altogether, these take a shit united to generate a perceptible move to the Right in the political world - as similar to the worlds move toward liberalism after the flog of the Axis powers and the dishonoring of any kind of right-wing tyranny in 1945 (Ehrman, John., 2005).The political game continues for an indefinite finis - but it goes on with a dissimilar ground and under shifting regulations. And though the Le ft have to be more baffled than the Right by the philosophical instability of the post-Cold War world, it is actually move more rapidly to define again the rudiments and basics of the climate of political regime. With Reagans assurance to rejuvenate the countrys military force, the 1980s observed considerable spending on military, amounting to approximately $1.6 trillion in honourable five years. The administration then favored a lofty approach to the Cold War era, specially in the Third World superpowers competition. Following the Vietnam fiasco, though, Americans were more disbelieving of swallowing the financial loss of troop promises. The political sympathies then sought to trounce this by supporting the fairly cheap policy of specially-trained counterinsurgencies in step to the fore of huge wars like Vietnam and Korea (Ehrman, John., 2005).The US administration then adopted a hard-hitting standpoint for USSR. primaeval in Reagans first appearance, he assailed the competi tor as the wicked realm. When Jimmy Carter had justifiably ruined the plan of dtente following Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, the worries in East and West touched the levels that havent seen since the crisis of Cuban Missile. And by the late 1980s, it turned out to be obvious that the Soviet Union would no longer put to work use of its forces to maintain the Eastern-European communists in control (Busch, Andrew E, 1997). Peoples have had lost their trusts that the communist system could bring a healthier lifestyle to them. In 1989, people came out in the streets and upturned the communist hold consecutively. later few months, the system inflicted on nations of Eastern Europe by Stalin for forty years vanished as if it were a bad delusion. Two years afterward, the European communist system is collapsed.Timeline for the 1980sJanuary 5, 1980 Margaret Thatcher performed a Cabinet reorganize, rubor Norman St. John-Stevas.January 20, 1980 Ronald Reagan succeeded Jimmy Carter, beco ming the 40th head of the US. March 30, 1980 U.S. President Ronald Reagan is gunshot in the breast outside a Washington, D.C. hotel.November, 1980 Republican Partys Ronald Reagan became president. Reagan goes on to take on a hard-hitting anti-communist foreign strategy and tax-cutting strategies.1985 - Chernenko passed away and Mikhail Gorbachev joined the office as general secretary of the Communist Party

Loss Prevention Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loss Prevention - confines Paper ExampleIt was up approximately 15% from the previous year. This was the worst year and appe ared to generate been precipitated by the poor economic situation. concord to Risk and Jillings (2011) shoplifting is on the increase imputable to hard times. In New Zeal children were being sent to still while their parents waited outside the store (Risk and Jillings 2011). Consequences of Inventory shrinkage Inventory shrinkage due to shoplifting non only erodes profit margins but it also results in a loss of sales. This happens beca practice session store personnel do not realize quickly enough that shelves are available and that certain goods are not represented on these shelves. When a customer does not divulge the goods they want on the shelves they end up going to another competitor to purchased the items. Most Popular specific Shoplifted According to Bullock (2010), the UK-based Center for Retail Research indicates that cosmetics were the second most popular items stolen. The most targeted products inwardly this group are makeup, perfume, hair care, skin creams and tanning product. According to Barnfield of the Center for Retail Research (qtd. in Bullock 2010) these thieves are brand conscious as they focus on top brands like anoint of Olay, CoverGirl and Bumble and Bumble. Bulluck (2010) indicated that a Florida investigation described as Operation Beauty Stop uncovered a ring which sold items stolen from popular retailers such as Wal-Mart, Target and Sweetbay. These items were then offered for sale on EBay. Measures to stay fresh loss A number of measures can be subprogramd to prevent loss. These include the employment and use of pledge equipment. Although these measures are not foolproof they provide a means of reducing the cost of thieving to companies and bowdlerize the corresponding increase in selling price which arises from this type of shrinkage. Loss prevention officers According to McGoey (n.d.), retail lo ss prevention is a profession that has the responsibility of reducing inventory losses at retail stores. Loss prevention officers are the persons who manage security program in the stores. Their job is to reduce inventory losses that are not only caused by employee theft and shop lifting but due to fraud, vendor theft and accounting errors. They interact with both customers and other store employees whenever any such events occur. They have to exercise a certain level of professionalism when dealing with matters like these and so they have to be justly trained. Loss prevention officers are required to be observant, they should be able to think quickly and use good judgment to solve problems. They should be able to blend into the crowd so that they are not easily identified by would be shoplifters. Sensormatic security tags Sensormatic security tags are widely used in retail stores. They are pinned to merchandise and are not taken off until the customer pays for the merchandise at t he cashier. The tags work in conjunction with checkpoint security systems and are further explained below. Checkpoint security systems Check point security systems involve the use of sensors called electronic article security (EAS) antennas (Loss Prevention Systems, Inc 2011). These sensors/antennas are placed at the entre and exits points of the stores. They pick up signals from security tags on clothes, shoes, bags and other store merchandise. Therefore if a shoplifter attempts to perish a store with stolen

NCLEX-RN article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NCLEX-RN article freshen up - Essay ExampleNCLEX-RN pass rates are of vex to the faculty in professional breast feeding programs, institutions, and the profession, as they represent a measure of faculty and program effectiveness accreditation agencies and state boards of breast feeding call graduate success and the profession of nursing needs prepared practitioners as it faces a shortage of license professional nurses in the workplace. NCLEX-RN pass rates are of special interest to potential students who may ask a program due to reported rates, and graduates who are not successful may face fretfulness and financial loss. Keywords NCLEX-RN, nursing, logistic regression December 2010 NCLEX-RN Success Are There Predictors The National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN, afterlife NCLEX-RN) was instituted in 1984, moved to computerized testing (CAT) in 1994, increased in fuss in 1998, 2004, 7 and again in 2010. Since the beginning of licensure examinati ons for nurses, there has been variable interest in studying factors related to pass rates with interest heightened during periods of declining pass rates. Success on this examination has widespread ramifications for students, nursing schools, and employers. The stakes are high related to set-back-time pass rates. The identification of factors affecting NCLEX-RN success is useful for nursing schools in making decisions about portal requirements and curriculum issues. Variables associated with performance on the NCLEX-RN may be categorized as academic and nonacademic. Academic variables acknowledge scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) or the American College Test (ACT), performance in pre-nursing courses and selected nursing courses, and scores on standardized nursing assessment tests. Nonacademic variables associated with NCLEX-RN performance include the takers age, gender, ethnicity, English as the primary language, and critical thinking skills. 4 The purpose of this stu dy was to examine student academic variables from a baccalaureate nursing program to determine which factors may be predictive of student success on the NCLEX-RN examination. This nursing program, like many others, saw a decline in NCLEX pass rates after the difficulty of the examination was increased in 2004. Rather than attempting to make changes to the curriculum haphazardly, the faculty decided to do a systematic assessment of variables that could be influencing the pass rates. Systematic assessment provides evidence so that students who are at risk for nonstarter can be identified early and remediation and/or curriculum changes may be instituted. Review of Literature Beeman and Waterhouse used a convenience sample of 289 baccalaureate nursing students who gradatory between 1995 and 1998 to examine predictors of success or failure on the NCLEX-RN examination. 1 The most significant predictor of NCLEX-RN failure was the number of C+ or lower grades received in nursing theory c ourses (r = -.394, P0001). higher(prenominal) grades in other core nursing courses and pathophysiology were also correlated with NCLEX-RN success. Discriminant analysis was used to predict 94 percent of the students who passed and 92 percent of the students who failed NCLEX-RN. The authors noted that all this data is available by the end of the first semester of our students senior

Court Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court Report - Essay ExampleMedical Practitioner plug-in in Victoria is a statutory authority established to protect the community by ensuring doctors produce professional standards and practice ethically and competently. The Medical Practice Act 1994 guides the operations of the wag and clearly states that the Boards main purpose is to protect the overt.According to the complainant she went to Dr. Leeks eight times in 1979 or 1980. She narrates that Dr. leeks fondled her breast and digitally penetrating her. But Dr. Leeks denies her allegations.Several complaints has been also forwarded to the Medical Board complaining Dr. Leeks of the use of electric car shock in treating the children. The case was dropped since Dr. Leeks voluntarily stop practicing his profession to avoid further investigation. The Board investigates the complaints well-nigh any aspect of a doctors professional activity. It takes seriously all matters raised by the community and investigates them thoroughly. In this case the Board is carefully analyzing if the Country Court Judge Duggan is correct in accusing Dr. Leeks of sexual misconduct. The complainant also files a complaint to Dr. Leeks in the Medical Board. Since sexual misconduct is a serious allegation the case is referred to a formal hearing. Formal Hearings are open to the public and the media (although the identity of the complainant is protected by law) and both the doctor and the Board are entitled to healthy representation.

Mangement on Thomas cook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mangement on Thomas warp - Essay ExampleUnder the leadership of Harriet dark-green, Thomas Cook achieved various transformations that made it match the incumbent environment in the work industry. She implemented a number of saving plans including the reduction of the number of employees and solvent of some outperforming branches that built more confidence leading to a rise in the share prices of the company. However, Green failed to maintain the performance of the company as performance declined and shares dropped by around twenty percent in 2013. On her departure, four hundred million pounds discovered to be missing showing difficulty in note operations during her time (Goodley 2014). In addition, there had been views that Green lacked expertise in the operation of business in the travel industry.He rose to the post of chief executive officer in the November 2014 after a working(a) in the organization for around twelve years after joining in 2001. Earlier to begin with join ing the company, he had gained much experience in the travel industry after working for Kuoni operate limited. In the tear 2003, he became the chief product officer and the CEO for the company division in Germany. From June 2007, he was managing the operations of the company in Continental Europe division. In the November 2012, he became the CEO for the join Kingdom and the Continental Europe Divisions (Thomas Cook Group 2014). He rose up to the post of the CEO of the company in November 2013 and began transforming the company to make it the peoples option of all the players in the travel industry.The travel industry is the biggest and fastest growing industry in the world. The industry is very dynamic confront by the need of responding quickly to factors out of its control. In the few years ago, the increased cases of terrorism in the world, the increased use of the internet for booking flights and the increased environmental awareness

Psychoanalysis of the Movie Fight Club Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psychoanalysis of the Fight Club - Movie Review ExampleHe thinks alike much too deeply of something that he was not able to sleep for several months - an apparent indication of the disease.Furthermore, the main character was also tired of doing things again and again (as part of his daily work life). though it doesnt affect other deal (i.e. no negative effect of OCD), he considers his life to be weird despite all of what he had and what he had become. He is living in a life that around people have dreamed of. A gallant job in a major simple machine company working as a recall coordinator, he had almost everything a man necessitate which defines him as a person - decent work with decent compensation and he had his luxurious condominium which he considers as close-to-being-complete material life. However, it seems like he wasnt satisfied and happy with what he had that he looks for something off of his traditional routine. This is the first turning point in the photo where t he narrator thought that support seminars were working out for his insomnia until a woman (Marla Singer) came out from nowhere and ruined his concentration and everything that he is on. Marla would fulfill the narrators versed fetish through his unconscious personality (i.e. Tyler).Another turning point of the movie, and an important event as well, was when the narrator had needed that someday hed wake up a incompatible person in a different place. At this moment, it is his unconscious mind taking over the scene. There is also an apparent underlying doctrine of choosing Tyler (Brad Pitt) as his alter ego or his unconscious being. Deep inside the narrators unconscious mind is his wish for a well-built physical body that he isnt. At first, meeting Tyler was not the change that he is expecting on the way. It was just same other people coming along his way and meant nothing for a change. besides as a shameful event shattered his most precious possession (the condo), he turns his sideline to his unconscious being (to Tyler). Prior to such incident, he was living in too much wangle for what he has and what he is, a characteristic inhibited by being too Eros minded.From so on, the main character would eventually be influenced by Tylers view of life. Things you own, end up owning you, a grumpy line uttered by Tyler as he was sharing out his viewpoint of the main characters fateful experience. As they get along with each other, they founded the fight club, which unconsciously came into his mind after his self-discovery that trash means freedom that let him out from loneliness. In a way, fight club became an escape for people seeking independence out from their own lives (Oedipal Conflict). Nevertheless, the main character frequently shows struggle and consciousness of what is occurrent and tries to look back to his proper life. But every time he does so, his unconscious (i.e. Tyler) would get in between persuading him to give up his flaming worldly possess ions. The narrator ends the story in a sore way. He finally understands the undesirable dominance of his unconscious mind taking over almost his inbuilt decisions. Though his final action and resolution were too late to stop its undesirable effect, he at least finds a solution to end and eliminate his unconscious mind, desire, and personality for good.The fight club movie implies many important things that life has to offer. It helps people

Elements of Leadership Styles Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Elements of Leadership Styles - Coursework typeThe characteristic features of a leader include his ability to withstand the opposition, make the right decisions, ability to withstand on to the ground despite the difficulties, and unite people of different kind under one jacket crown regardless of their social and racial differences.On a relatively different scale, the unions that are essential berth of organizations seek a leader for putting forward their agendas and serving the rights of labors and workers. This form of lead applies to the organizational leadership skills. The in force(p) working of unions increases the throughput of the incumbent organization, at the same time lead to employees satisfaction. This totally is subject to effective leadership skills (Daily, 2005).Leadership styles vary in nature, while some are carrot and stick ground others are purely incentive based, while the rest rely on equal treatment. The best amongst all are those that can bring the bes t out of an individual, be flexible and adaptive to the nature of changing environments all around (Mehrotra,

Scenario Planning for Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships Term Paper

Scenario Planning for Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships - Term Paper faceThe antibiotic leave also help CMS to save more money (28,000 dollars, annually). The executive also acknowledges the drawbacks that execute with the CMS using the antibiotic. The administration is for instance at home with the concerns that border on the lack of familiarity with the drug and the appendix of a step to an already busy pre-operation nurses arrive atload. However, the administrators initial statement and vouching for the antibiotic is premised on the antibiotic not have its pitfalls, but its benefits far outweighing its disadvantages. Stakeholders Background Thinking and First Responses and the executives Response Option Choice The stakeholders background thinking and the first response is largely ambivalent. While there atomic number 18 those who readily welcome the introduction of the antibiotic in CMS surgical interventions, others are diametrically opposed to the same idea. For instance, th e pharmacist is positive slightly the introduction of the antibiotic, because he has learned about the drug. The financial analyst is likely to welcome this lean since it will help save 28,000 dollars annually. The preoperational nurse and sawbones are not in support of the antibiotic. Although the nurse is interested in making her efforts patient-centered, she is worried that the move will add her other responsibilities at the preoperational stage. The sawbones, on the other hand, loathes government mandates and regards them as unnecessary since he has a generally positive track record for patients who have come from surgery. However, he lacks knowledge on the actual rate of post-surgery wound infections, due to his surgery patients. In this case, it is important that the administrator acknowledges these concerns since they are legitimate. Conversely, the administrator should consult the opposing team so as to place modalities on the introduction of the antibiotic. The modalities are to ameliorate the setbacks that may shortchange the preoperational nurse and the surgeon. During these consultations, the administrator must make it clear that the introduction of the antibiotic is inevitable. How to Communicate With the Stakeholders fit to Dewar (2010), the best way of communicating with these stakeholders in order to convince them to welcome the use of the antibiotic is a dialogue. The administration can initiate and facilitate the dialogue by welcoming the stakeholders to a meeting. Efforts must be made to ensure that the meeting remains a dialogue instead of a monologue. In this light, the preoperational nurse, the surgeon and the like-minded who have reservations towards the introduction of the preoperational antibiotic must state their standpoints and qualify them. From this angle, the administration and the stakeholders must work together to designate modalities that can mitigate the demerits that accost the use of the new antibiotic. On the same wavel ength, it will be imperative that the administration expounds on the need to integrate the antibiotic to CMS surgical intervention.

Intermediate coporate finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Intermediate coporate finance - look for Paper ExampleBut of late the U.S. has become to a lesser extent reliant on Chinas funding of its deficits predominantly as the U.S. classified saving rate has increased and the received account shortage has decreased. However, the mere scale of the U.S. shortage funding need which is approximately $1.6 trillion compute deficit in 2010 and forecast of almost $9 trillion of shortages over the next decade in the markets of bond and currency are delicate (Prasad, 2010).On the other hand an abrupt activity by China to move uncompromisingly out of U.S. dollar designated instruments, or even a declaration to much(prenominal) an extent, would work as a set off around the jumpy market sentiments resulting to a right away plunge in bond prices and the rate of the U.S. dollar. At the uniform time China would also be facing huge capital loss since its majority holdings are in the U.S. Treasury market. This would also displace up in reduction of the Treasury bond rates due to increase in invade rates or even if the renminbi appreciated in value comparative to the U.S. dollar (Prasad, 2010).Over the ancient years passel amongst the two economies has seen consistent increase in quantity and Chinas first off export market is US. The exports from China, to the U.S. sprang up from $100 billion in 2000 to $296 billion in 2009, and at the same time the imports increased from $16 billion to $70 billion. Thus there has been a fixed circumstances of export to the US by China which is 21% right through from 1998 to 2006 but this percentage mow to 18 during 2007-2009. On the other hand even though there has been increase in the exports of US to China the percentage still remains below 5 (Prasad and GU, 2009).Many of the spiny consequences in the symmetrical relationship amongst these two countries can be described as the growth of the mounting bilateral U.S. trade deficit with China. This shortage sprang up from about $84 billion i n 2000 to nearly $227 billion in 2009. This figure of

Rhetorical Criticism-Week 6 Part I Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhetorical Criticism-Week 6 interrupt I - Article ExampleElements represented by these practice of medicine videos enhance rhetorical analysis of the gloss texts.Lil Wayne and Birdmans music video, Fire flame is one that was received with extreme eager to the fans all everyplace the world. The lyrical description is often said about, and its listeners belief and behavioral characteristics need to be explored as they be regularly reflected on. The video falls under the hip-hop genre of music that is known to have the largest pursual in the universe. This piece of entertainment is highly prominent. It is, therefore, necessary to determine how much its messages are perceived by the listeners and how they relate to the every fans life.The Fire Flame music video has an intense description that hurls more on its experience among the artistes and fans. The music corresponds congruently to the young generation but incongruently to the older generation. It is a rhetoric perception since as it depicts different lyrical messages to different audiences (Sellnow 116). It depicts all about money and fame and to some extent, lurid sexual experiences. Fans catch this the trending ways of the century. It conveys emotional messages that term fans as die-hard-fans. It imparts in a negative way conceptually.According to the magic trick of life perspective, the interpretation of the music video overrates vast experience. The youth, middle-aged men and other persons are the realest following of the music. It is also initiated as a religion to some of the hard-core fans. It has arisen to the creation of various mal-intention groups and organizations aimed at promoting the music. The music release patterns are apt and always in the rise of production, developing both comic and tragic messages to all audiences (Sellnow 123).Perspective evaluation of this music video touches on various aspects of life. The videos dominance implications affect both the fans and opponents of the music. This music does not

Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Management - turn out ExampleThe secure dissemination and application of data is power. Accordingly, the conversion of data from internal and external sources into information is called Information schemas. This is also known as Information Management and is typically computer based. It helps in enhancing the last making process, enhances the operations, helps in overall growth of the company. It includes hardware, software, people, communication system, and the data itself. Information Systems can be employ in any type of company be it manufacturing, retailing, or the service industry. This report analyzes the use of IS in the preparation chain management. Supply chain management involves getting the right things at the places at the right time for maximum profit.Zara, a leading Spanish Fashion clothing company, is a classic use of having an unorthodox and cutting edge approach in the supply chain management. To cater to the changing demands of the nodes, some manufacturers take care of management of supply and distribution in addition to concepting. Zara is one such company, which has hold direct control over the entire process. Today Zara has attained the distinction of being a ball-shaped brand having its presence in 60 countries with over 858 retail shops in big cities of the world (Inditex). It has make the best use of the resources and achieved the current position. They apply the sense and respond business model in this supply chain management. They react immediately because they have direct access to demand data. They base their product design and development on the demand data collected from the POS or the POS data mining technology. Information from their stores is unceasingly transmitted to the team of 200 designers. This gives them a competitive edge as far as customer satisfaction is concerned. Zara works at the pace of the society (Zara). This report would examine how effectively Zara uses Information System to

Mid Term Exam (there are 4 questions) Scholarship Essay

Mid Term Exam (there be 4 questions) - Scholarship Essay ExampleThe sum of these roles covers all aspects of managerial performance though Mintzberg was attentive enough to state that they might not describe the process of managing comprehensively.Mintzberg (1973) defines the role as a ready of certain behavioral rules associated with a concrete organization or post (p.36) and groups the managers roles into the three large blocks interpersonal, informational and decisional. for each one of these blocks consists of several roles straw man - involves obligation of manager to act as symbolic head performing some(prenominal) routine duties (social or legal). This role is inspirational and activities associated with it are not central to the managers job.Leader - involves responsibility for prompt of employees and also staffing, training, development and associated duties. This role is especially important during organization of group it facilitates adequate integration in the mids t of organizational goals and individual needs of subordinates.Each of these roles is important and may be viewed as the most all-important(a) for a manager under a specific set of circumstances. Therefore, ranking them in order of importance is a very difficult task. One possible way to fulfill this task is to use the quick models of managerial work as the basis. Thus, one of the most popular models of management known as POLCA includes planning, organizing, leading, exacting and assessing (Morgan, 1986). This model suggests that Mintzbergs roles may be ranked as follows Resource allocator (planning), Liaison (organizing), Leader/Figurehead (leading), and Monitor (controlling and assessing). However, when an organization faces inevitable changes other roles such as Disseminator or Disturbance bus may be more important than others.2. Managers sometimes make poor decisions because of cognitive bias in their decision-making process. Discuss three of the four sources of bias that can adversely affect the ability of managers to make a good decision, and illustrate each of them with a realistic business decision-making situation. Cognitive biases represent a patient of group of observer effects that often distort our perception of phenomena related either to external surroundings or inner world of human being. There are several categories of

Entrepreneural Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entrepreneural - Research Paper Exampleea explains to the charge the effect that the idea will have on the organization and how to implement the idea in the alive procedures (Christiansen, 2000).The organization has a culture that upholds transport that arises. Management has ensured that it has induced a positive culture that encourages employees to accept any change that will have a positive impact towards the organizations performance. On the other hand, leaders are the implementers of the change. They ensure that they lead the rest of the organization towards changes the organization. The organization has also ensured that it provides a serene environment for the innovators. This is through providing psychological and financial support to those who have an idea that may change the organizational performance. Employees also give human capital inform of giving ideas towards refining the idea for it to get under ones skin more effective for the whole organization. This has playe d a major role in encouraging authority innovators to come up with diverse ideas that has seen an increased competitiveness of the organization (Christiansen, 2000).For the management to increase creativity and concept in the organization, they must create a good relationship with their subordinates. Many of the innovative ideas come from the first base ranked employees. As a result, leaders should adopt open office policy to encourage employees t consult them when need arises concerning the idea (Christiansen, 2000).Second, the organization leaders should set aside funds that will athletic supporter those with ideas to purchase all the necessary materials required to spearhead the idea(s). Funds have been the greatest setback towards instauration therefore availability of the funds will encourage employees to come up with ideas that will improve the organizations location (Christiansen, 2000).The management can encourage innovation through giving out incentives. In case an em ployee comes up with an innovative idea and it brings change in the

The Purchase of Alaska Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Purchase of Alaska - Research Paper ExampleThe sales bell was $7.2 million or approximately two cents per acre, a small sum even by 1867 standards. Alaska was the weather major land-holdings of any non-the Statesn nation in the Western Hemisphere. U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward initiated, promoted and brokered the deal. Opponents in the U.S. referred to the sale as Sewards Folly un advised of the riches contained in this massive area. Much of the public thought this region to be nothing but a frozen wasteland and a waste of money that could be used to reconstruct the South following the Civil War. Under Russian control, Alaska reflected the pioneer, adventurous spirit normally characterized and romanticized in stories of the American West. Russian-American, as it was called, attracted explorers, merchants, adventurers, sinners and saints of all descriptions, most of which was attracted to the region by the lucrative fur trade. fewer remnants of Russian control exis t to twenty-four hour period outside of the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church which to this day has a strong tradition in Alaskan society (Russian Colonization 2005). In short, Russia sell Alaska for two reasons, the Russian American Company was no longer profiting in the fur trade as it had for over a century and the region was too far away to be adequately defended. Russia believed that eventually, each the U.S. or Britain would forcedly take its easterly-most colony with relative ease. Continuing to hold Alaska had become less and less all important(p) to the Russians because of other, more pressing, geopolitical and economic concerns and by 1850 interest was all but non-existent. The sea otter fur commercialise was in decline for various reasons therefore decreasing the value to Russian commercial interests and the government was ready acquiring other, more lucrative and useful lands at that time. Britain was a new enemy. It had allied with France and the Ottoman imp erium during the Crimean War (1853-56) against Russia which lost great amounts of territory in the region north of Turkey. During the war, Britain had also attacked Russia in Eastern Siberia. Though Britain would have been more than interested in purchasing Alaska, the Russians were not going to sell it to an enemy. They reason out that if the U.S. owned it, this would provide a degree of protection for Russia from Canada, much of it a under the control of Britain at that time. Russia determined to seek a friendly Western power as purchaser of the Russian holdings in America and yet, anxious to create a buffer zone between British North America and Siberia (Rasche). The Hudson Bay Company, of British origin, had made it no secret it desired more access to Alaska so as to harvest its riches. Immediately following the sale of Alaska to the U.S., Britain formerly colonized all of western Canada to the Alaskan border. Russia had sell Alaska just in time. It prevented another certain de feat against Britain resulting in further loss of territory and resources. more than importantly, the already low level of public confidence in the Russian government following the saucily defeat in the Crimean War would have been further diminished thus enhancing the possibility of rebellion (Tompkins, 1945). Russia had teensy-weensy choice but to sell Alaska to the U.S. The selling price of two cents per acre is ample evidence that the U.S. was well aware of Russias poor negotiating position. The two countries were on friendly terms and shared a common condescendingness of Britain. Just 50 years earlier, British troops

Magic Toyshop Essay Example for Free

misrepresentation Toyshop EssayThe in give noticetation Toyshop is the second fresh of the feminist writer Angela Carter. It is one of the most popular of her previous(predic consume) books. In Carters works mythological and Biblical themes often appear, and The Magic Toyshop is a entire fount of that. This essay is intended to discuss the introductory chapter of The Magic Toyshop, in which Carter rewrites a major Biblical story. The Magic Toyshop follows the story of a teenage girl, Melanie. She is one of three children, her junior brother is Jonathon and her five grade doddering sister is Victoria. They live in the English countryside in a middle class family.Their house is broad they all have their induce bedrooms. Their parents are rich, successful and the children have everything they need. The children have a middle cured governess Mrs. Rundle. She is overweight, was neer married, entirely added the Mrs. title to her name a few years ago as a present to hersel f. Melanie has a fear of becoming someone like Mrs. Rundle. She does non believe in beau ideal unless she prays that she would marry and have sex in her life. She is worried approximately her weight because she thinks she is too thin, provided she would not eat too much either because then she might become fat and never marry.She al fix sees herself as someones wife she looks at herself as a male would do. (Gamble 69) The novel tells the story of the children becoming orphans and having to tolerate their home. Their parents are killed in a plane crash and the three children mustiness leave the countryside to live with their uncle in London. Uncle Phillip witnesss a toyshop and is a toymaker himself. The orphans do not know anything about him Melanies only memory of him is that when she was a little girl he made her a jack in the box which was very scary. They do not know that the world they are about to enter is radically dissimilar from the one they lived in until now.At t he beginning of the novel Melanie is a happy fifteen year old girl who is starting to discover herself. She explores her body, discovers it as a colonizer discovers the unknown land. She likes to pose in front of her mirror she plays the roles of the characters of paintings (by male painters naturally). The novel uses the terminologies of explorers thus making us believe thither is a male voice behind the words. Melanies only wish is to marry well. She is already getting ready for married life, she is making herself ready for a husband. She believes that marriage is the only style to have inancial and emotional security, the only way to be a respectable woman and to have a happy life.This is the only way she knows. This is what the culture, the social background of the age indoctrinated her to believe. She is dreaming of a perfect husband who is handsome, gentle, amiable, who has a good credit line and adequate financial background. Although she is a little worried about not gett ing this perfect life, not having sex, she genuinely believes that things are going to work out for the best. Melanie is planning to spend her adolescence preparing for the life that comes after.However in brief enough she ordain ca-ca that life is not a fairytale. She will meet and transcend in love with a son that does not fit in the image of the perfect husband she image for herself, a boy that she would have never thought to fell for under normal circumstances. She will realize how these circumstances can make her grow up in a few days or even a few hours as on the train ride to London she realizes she has to be the let of her little brother and sister , and how they can suddenly take away all of her dreams and principles.However there is another way to interpret the beginning of the first chapter, the view where she is exploring her body. Melanie is not only preparing herself for her future groom, only if she is exploring her own knowledgeableity too. She is in the a ge when she realizes that she is a woman, that she has not only grown mentally but physically too. In Carters own words, Melanie is very conscious of desire, she is filled with it. And that gives her power. (Gamble 69-70) One dark Melanie decides to go further then posing in her own bedroom.Her parents are not home, they are in America. In the darkness of the night, when everyone in the house is asleep, she goes to her parents bedroom. She looks at their spousal photograph and starts thought process about her parents. How she cannot deem her let tender, as she never saw her that way she even jokes about her mother creation born with clothes on -, and how her father always wears the same suit. She wonders if her parents had sex before their wedding this makes her believe she really is growing up if thoughts like this occur in her mind.She notices Uncle Phillip in the picture and thinks about the old jack in the box she was so afraid of. Then she goes over to her mothers dre ssing table and looks into the mirror. She starts posing there too and feels that she looks different in her mothers mirror. This snatch can be understood again as a flesh of transition between childhood and becoming a woman. Being in her parents room is like pretending to be an adult just like they are. Posing in her mothers mirror Melanie is trying to imagine how she will look like and feel as an adult, married woman.This moonlit night is the one when the fall happens Looking at her parents wedding picture Melanie decides to try on her mothers wedding dress. She finds the dress and puts it on but it is too big. She is a little disappointed but all the same thinks she looks beautiful in it. She feels like a bride. A bride. Whose bride? But she was, tonight, sufficient for herself in her own annulus and did nor need a groom. (Carter 16) Melanie decides to go out to the garden. She first feels free and excited the night was so different from the one she imagined.The moonlit gard en was like the Garden of Eden. She was alone. In her carapace of white satin, she was the last, the only woman. (Carter 17) This fruition of loneliness shortly turns into panic. She truly feels alone and feels what happening is too much. Crying she runs back to the front verge but it is closed She forgot her keys. Suddenly the sweet, dark night turns into a scary land. Melanie realizes what she did was forbidden. She is frightened, she thinks there is something in the dark. later Mrs. Rundles cat appears in the garden, Melanie feels a little more comfortable.She starts to pull herself together and decides she will climb up the apple tree to her window. (The apple tree can be a sign of Eden again). But she cannot do that in the wedding dress. The cat gives her so much comfort that she can take the dress off. Then something happens she realizes her own nakedness as never before. She was horribly conscious of her own exposed nakedness. She felt a new and final kind of nakedness, as if she had taken even her own skin off and now stood clothed in nothing, nude in the ultimate nudity of the skeleton. (Carter 21) This scene might be interpreted as the happenings in the Bible right after the Fall.The serpent deceives evening so she and Adam both eat from the forbidden tree. Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves. (New International Bible, Genesis 37) The naked Melanie puts downward the dress and the cat climbs on it. It scratches the dress. Melanie starts climbing up the tree, she does not know how long it takes but she finally gets to her room.She bleeds form hundreds of cuts but does not mind the pain. She honestly regrets what she had done that night, but cannot take it back. She ate from the forbidden fruit and knows that she deserves the consequences. Right now pain seems to be the punishment. The morning has come and when Mrs. Rundle, Jonathon and Victoria leave the house Melanie is alone in the house with her sin. Somebody is knocking on the door. It is a messenger boy with a telegram in his hand. As soon as she saw him, she knew what the telegram contained, as if the words were printed on his forehead. (Carter 24)She runs to the bathroom and vomits. She reads the telegram and realizes what she already guessed was true. Her parents were dead. Melanies childhood, her fairytale life ended in this moment. She affiliated a sin last night and now was expelled from Eden. This wedding dress night when she married the shadows (Carter 77) exiles her and her younger brother and sister from their comfortable, liberal, middle-class home in the country to live in a dark, qualify house above Uncle Phillips toyshop in south London. ( judicious 15) And what was Melanies fault really? As Lorna Sage says it was the stepping over the boundary between reality and fantasy (Sage 15) Melanie, Jonathon and Victoria are taken to their Uncle Phill ips house.Melanie soon realizes she will have to live there in terror, in constant fear of her uncle. She has to say good bye to the magical life she had in the countryside and has to grow up sooner then expected. We can scan Uncle Phillips house as Purgatory. She goes through a grueling rite of passage into the state of being a woman. Whatever way she might once have grown up is simply turned after she arrived at Uncle Phillips. (Day 25) Melanie goes through hell until one day Uncle Phillips ends this story. When he learns that his wife has a sexual relationship with her own brother, he sets the house on fire. In the end only Melanie and Finn are left wing standing amongst the wreckage staring at one another in wild surmise, Adam and Eve at the beginning of a new world.

Plato and the Allegory of the Cave Essay Example for Free

Plato and the Allegory of the core out EssayThe son of a wealthy and noble family, Plato (427-347 B.C.) was preparing for a cargoner in politics when the trial and eventual execution of Socrates (399 B.C.) changed the consort of his breeding. He abandoned his political c arer and move to philosophy, opening a school on the outskirts of capital of Greece dedicated to the Socratic search for wisdom. Platos school, wherefore lie withn as the Academy, was the first university in western floor and operated from 387 B.C. until A. D. 529, when it was closed by Justinian.Unlike his mentor Socrates, Plato was both a writer and a teacher. His writings are in the form of converses, with Socrates as the principal speaker. In the Allegory of the counteract, Plato described symbolic in all toldy the predicament in which mankind finds itself and proposes a style of salvation. The Allegory presents, in brief form, most of Platos major philosophical assumptions his tactual sensation that the man revealed by our senses is non the real world moreover besides a poor written matter of it, and that the real world dejection single be apprehended intellectually his idea that k directledge cannot be transferred from teacher to student, but or else that education consists in directing students minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to apprehend it for themselves his doctrine that the universe ultimately is right-hand(a) his conviction that en st deviceened individuals re overturn an obligation to the rest of society, and that a good society must(prenominal) be one in which the truly wise (the Philosopher-King) are the rulers.The Allegory of the Cave can be found in Book VII of Platos trump out-known work, The Re exoteric, a lengthy dialogue on the nature of justice. Often regarded as a utopian blueprint, The Republic is dedicated toward a p arrive at of the education required of a Philosopher-King.The practiseing selection is taken from the Benjamin Jowett translation (Vintage, 1991), pp. 253-261. As you express the Allegory, try to make a mental picture of the spelunk Plato describes. Better yet, why not cart a picture of it and refer to it as you read the selection. In many ways, understanding Platos Allegory of the Cave depart make your foray into the world of philosophical thought much less burdensome.* * * * * *Socrates And now, I say, permit me show in a figure how far-off our nature is en unhorseened or unen get downened behold human beings living in a underground cave, which has a mouth open towards the on the loose(p) and reaching all along the cave here they pose been from their childhood, and feel their legs and jazzs chained so that they cannot move, and can besides see in front them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners in that location is a raised way and you go away see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players run through in front of them, over which they show the puppets.Glaucon I see.Socrates And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying all sorts of vessels, and statues and figures of animals made of wood and stone and various materials, which appear over the wall? some(a) of them are talking, an new(prenominal)(prenominal)s silent. Glaucon You harbour shown me a strange image, and they are strange prisoners. Socrates Like ourselves, I replied and they see simply their own shadows, or the shadows of one some other, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? Glaucon True, he said how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? Socrates And of the objects which are being carried in like air they would only see the shadows?Glaucon Yes, he said.Socrates And if they were able to converse with one some other, would they not s uppose that they were naming what was actually before them? Glaucon real current.Socrates And suppose further that the prison had an echo which came from the other side, would they not be sure to meet when one of the passers-by spoke that the voice which they heard came from the passing shadow? Glaucon No question, he replied.Socrates To them, I said, the equity would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images. Glaucon That is certain.Socrates And now look again, and see what bequeath naturally follow if the prisoners are released and disabused of their error. At first, when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round and walk and look towards the frail, he testament suffer sharp pains the glare will distress him, and he will be uneffective to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows and then conceive some one saying to him, that what he precept before was an illusion, but that now, when he is app roaching nearer to being and his eye is sour towards to a greater extent real existence, he has a clearer vision, -what will be his reply? And you may further imagine that his instructor is pointing to the objects as they pass and requiring him to name them, -will he not be perplexed? Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him? Glaucon Far truer.Socrates And if he is compelled to look straight at the light, will he not have a pain in his eyes which will make him turn extraneous to take and take in the objects of vision which he can see, and which he will conceive to be in reality clearer than the things which are now being shown to him? Glaucon True, he now.Socrates And suppose once more, that he is reluctantly dragged up a steep and rugged ascent, and held fast until he s forced into the presence of the sunbathe himself, is he not likely to be pained and irritated? When he approaches the light his eyes will be d azzled, and he will not be able to see anything at all of what are now called realities. Glaucon Not all in a moment, he said.Socrates He will require to bring up accustomed to the the great unwashed of the focal ratio world. And first he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of men and other objects in the water, and then the objects themselves then he will gaze upon the light of the moon and the stars and the spangled nirvana and he will see the sky and the stars by night smash than the sun or the light of the sun by day? Glaucon Certainly.Socrates Last of he will be able to see the sun, and not mere reflections of him in the water, but he will see him in his own proper place, and not in another(prenominal) and he will contemplate him as he is. Glaucon Certainly.Socrates He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and h is fellows have been accustomed to behold? Glaucon Clearly, he said, he would first see the sun and then reason somewhat him. Socrates And when he remembered his old enjoymentation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and condolence them? Glaucon Certainly, he would.Socrates And if they were in the habit of conferring honors among themselves on those who were quickest to observe the passing shadows and to remark which of them went before, and which followed after(prenominal), and which were together and who were on that pointfore best able to cajole conclusions as to the future, do you specify that he would care for such(prenominal) honors and glories, or envy the possessors of them? Would he not say with Homer,Better to be the poor servant of a poor master,and to endure anything, alternatively than destine as they do and live after their manner? Glaucon Yes, he said, I think that he would r ather suffer anything than entertain these false notions and live in this miserable manner. Socrates Imagine once more, I said, such an one coming suddenly out of the sun to be replaced in his old situation would he not be certain to have his eyes full of darkness? Glaucon To be sure, he said.Socrates And if in that respect were a contest, and he had to compete in measuring the shadows with the prisoners who had never moved out of the cave, while his sight was still weak, and before his eyes had become steady (and the time which would be needed to acquire this novel habit of sight might be very considerable) would he not be ridiculous? men would say of him that up he went and down he came without his eyes and that it was better not even to think of ascending and if any one tried to loose another and lead him up to the light, let them only catch the offender, and they would put him to death. Glaucon No question, he said.Socrates This entire allegory, I said, you may now append, de ar Glaucon, to the antecedent argument the prison-house is the world of sight, the light of the fire is the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upwardly to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief, which, at your desire, I have expressed whether rightly or wrongly God knows. But, whether true or false, my opinion is that in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal write of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of light in this visible world, and the immediate ascendant of reason and truth in the intellectual and that this is the power upon which he who would act rationally, either in public or private life must have his eye fixed. Glaucon I agree, he said, as far as I am able to understand you. Socrates Moreover, I said, you must not wonder that those who make water to this beat ific vision are unwilling to descend to human affairs for their souls are ever hastening into the upper world where they desire to dwell which desire of theirs is very natural, if our allegory may be trusted. Glaucon Yes, very natural.Socrates And is on that point anything surprising in one who passes from divine contemplations to the evil state of man, misbehaving himself in a ridiculous manner if, while his eyes are blinking and before he has become accustomed to the surrounding darkness, he is compelled to fight in courts of law, or in other places, about the images or the shadows of images of justice, and is endeavoring to meet the conceptions of those who have never yet seen absolute justice? Glaucon Anything but surprising, he replied.Socrates Any one who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and make grow from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the minds eye, quite as m uch as of the bodily eye and he who remembers this when he sees any one whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too coiffure to laugh he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter light, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will count the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other or, if he have a mind to laugh at the soul which comes from below into the light, there will be more reason in this than in the laugh which greets him who returns from above out of the light into the cave. Glaucon That, he said, is a very just distinction.Socrates But then, if I am right, certain professors of education must be wrong when they say that they can put a knowledge into the soul which was not there before, like sight into blind eyes. Glaucon They undoubtedly say this, he replied.Socrates Whereas, our argument shows that the power and capacity of learnedness exists in the soul already and that just as the eye was unable to turn from darkness to light without the upstanding body, so too the instrument of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or in other words, of the good. Glaucon Very true.Socrates And must there not be some art which will effect conversion in the easiest and quickest manner not implanting the faculty of sight, for that exists already, but has been turned in the wrong direction, and is looking away from the truth? Glaucon Yes, he said, such an art may be presumed.Socrates And whereas the other so-called virtues of the soul seem to be akin to bodily qualities, for even when they are not originally innate they can be implanted later by habit and exercise, the of wisdom more than anything else contains a divine element which always rem ains, and by this conversion is rendered useful and profitable or, on the other hand, hurtful and useless. Did you never observe the narrow intelligence flashing from the keen eye of a foxy rogue how eager he is, how clearly his paltry soul sees the way to his end he is the blast of blind, but his keen eyesight is forced into the service of evil, and he is mischievous in proportion to his cleverness. Glaucon Very true, he said.Socrates But what if there had been a circumcision of such natures in the days of their youth and they had been severed from those animal(a) pleasures, such as eating and drinking, which, like leaden weights, were attached to them at their birth, and which drag them down and turn the vision of their souls upon the things that are below if, I say, they had been released from these impediments and turned in the opposite direction, the very same faculty in them would have seen the truth as keenly as they see what their eyes are turned to now. Glaucon Very like ly.Socrates Yes, I said and there is another thing which is likely. or rather a demand inference from what has preceded, that neither the uneducated and uninformed of the truth, nor yet those who never make an end of their education, will be able ministers of acres not the former, because they have no single aim of duty which is the rule of all their actions, private as well as public nor the latter, because they will not act at all except upon compulsion, fancying that they are already dwelling apart in the islands of the blest. Glaucon Very true, he replied.Socrates Then, I said, the stock of us who are the founders of the State will be to compel the best minds to attain that knowledge which we have already shown to be the greatest of all-they must continue to ascend until they arrive at the good but when they have ascended and seen enough we must not allow them to do as they do now. Glaucon What do you miserly?Socrates I mean that they remain in the upper world but this must not be allowed they must be made to descend again among the prisoners in the cave, and partake of their labors and honors, whether they are worth having or not. Glaucon But is not this unjust? he said ought we to give them a worse life, when they might have a better? Socrates You have again forgotten, my friend, I said, the intention of the legislator, who did not aim at make any one class in the State happy above the rest the happiness was to be in the whole State, and he held the citizens together by persuasion and necessity, making them benefactors of the State, and therefore benefactors of one another to this end he created them, not to please themselves, but to be his instruments in binding up the State. Glaucon True, he said, I had forgotten.Socrates Observe, Glaucon, that there will be no injustice in compelling our philosophers to have a care and providence of others we shall explain to them that in other States, men of their class are not make to share in the toils of pol itics and this is reasonable, for they grow up at their own sweet will, and the government would rather not have them. Being self-taught, they cannot be expected to show any gratitude for a culture which they have never received. But we have brought you into the world to be rulers of the hive, kings of yourselves and of the other citizens, and have educated you far better and more perfectly than they have been educated, and you are better able to share in the double duty. wherefore each of you, when his turn comes, must go down to the general underground abode, and get the habit of perceive in the dark. When you have acquired the habit, you will see ten thousand times better than the inhabitants of the cave, and you will know what the several images are, and what they represent, because you have seen the beautiful and just and good in their truth. And thus our State which is also yours will be a reality, and not a dream only, and will be administered in a aroma unlike that of othe r States, in which men fight with one another about shadows only and are distracted in the struggle for power, which in their eyes is a great good. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant to govern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst. Glaucon Quite true, he replied.Socrates And will our pupils, when they hear this, refuse to take their turn at the toils of State, when they are allowed to spend the greater part of their time with one another in the heavenly light? Glaucon Impossible, he answered for they are just men, and the commands which we impose upon them are just there can be no doubt that every one of them will take office as a stern necessity, and not after the fashion of our present rulers of State.Socrates Yes, my friend, I said and there lies the point. You must contrive for your future rulers another and a better life than that of a ruler, and then you may have a well-ordere d State for only in the State which offers this, will they rule who are truly rich, not in plate and gold, but in virtue and wisdom, which are the true blessings of life. Whereas if they go to the administration of public affairs, poor and hungering after the own private advantage, thinking that hence they are to snatch the chief good, order there can never be for they will be fighting about office, and the civil and domestic broils which thus arise will be the ruin of the rulers themselves and of the whole State. Glaucon Most true, he replied.Socrates And the only life which looks down upon the life of political ambition is that of true philosophy. Do you know of any other? Glaucon Indeed, I do not, he said.Socrates And those who govern ought not to be lovers of the task? For, if they are, there will be rival lovers, and they will fight. Glaucon No question.Socrates Who then are those whom we shall compel to be guardians? Surely they will be the men who are wisest about affairs of State, and by whom the State is best administered, and who at the same time have other honors and another and a better life than that of politics? Glaucon They are the men, and I will choose them, he replied. Socrates And now shall we consider in what way such guardians will be produced, and how they are to be brought from darkness to light, as some are said to have ascended from the world below to the gods? Glaucon By all means, he replied.Socrates The process, I said, is not the turning over of an oyster-shell, but the turning round of a soul passing from a day which is little better than night to the true day of being, that is, the ascent from below, which we affirm to be true philosophy? Glaucon Quite so.

Sample website specification document Essay Example for Free

Sample web set specification document EssayThis project go away involve creating an e-commerce web site for the purpose of selling electronic such as desktop, laptop, TV, DVD player, television camera .etc. This dodge lead provide a web interface for customer to create an account, make an nine, check status and cancel an order. Database system go out be used in customer and product management. The system will be developed on behalf of electronic retailer who currently operates as an on puff store moreover and limited delivery to nationwide.The efficient design of the site will allow the customer quickly order online and saving time if compare to order a product by regular mail. Furthermore, if the customer does not arrive an network connection, he can order by phone and one of the customer representatives will be available to help him. It is fast and convenient.Products are to be shipped directly from the inventory to the address as the customer provide when he made a n order, via UPS or FedEx. agreement moldinessiness be informative, robust, responsive, user-friendly and secure. System should be designed to allow possible future expansion, for an example more product lines, and for potential porting to another(prenominal) retail businesses.The precondition DocumentI. foreplay/Output SpecificationsA. Input Specifications (Customers View)An on-line web site will be designed that allows the user to input the following teaching from every computer with internet accessTheir customer profile information (account registration)Customer differentiate (string format, 40 characters max.)Street address (string format, 40 characters max.) city (string format, 15 characters max)State (string format, 2 alpha characters) quicken commandment (numeric format, 5 digits required)Area tag (numeric format, 3 digits required)Telephone numerate (numeric format, 7 digits required)Email address (string format, 40 characters max) exploiter name (string format, 5 characters min and 20 max.)Password (string format, 6 characters min and 20 max.)Payment information (optional only)Type of recognition card Visa and MasterCard.Name on the card (string format, 40 characters max.)Credit card number (numeric format, 16 digits required) terminus month (numeric format, 2 digits max)Expiration year (numeric format, 4 digits required)Shipping information (when key out an order)Ship-to name (string format, 40 characters max.)Street address (string format, 40 characters max.)City (string format, 15 characters max.)State (string format, 2 alpha characters.)Zip code (numeric format, 5 digits requires)Electronic style and quantities to be purchasedBrand and models will be put one acrossed and selected from an online catalog. After a selection, the product will automatically add to the customer cart and the cart review page will be pop-up. Quantity field will be in the cart review page. It allows up to 10 of each model to be purchased.B. Output Specificatio n (Customers View)The system will output information to the users top, with the option to format selected information so that the user can direct it to a printer. Multiple web screens will be used, includingA main logon screen, so that the users customer profile can be created and/or recalled from the server. A catalog screen, where various electronic models can be browsed, and selected for ordering if desired. An order summary screen (shopping cart review) where the user can review the products they have elect to purchase, and get that their order is complete. A payment information screen, where the user can input their payment manner and billing information. A shipping information screen, where the user can choose a desired shipper, and view shipping costs for their order. An order summary screen, which the user can print for his/her records. Lists of products ordered and their status.A confirm page for cancel an order, if the customer decide to cancel.C. Input Specifications (Employees View, while customer order by phone)An internal web site will be designed that allows a customer representative to place an order, check status or cancel an order. He/she will input the following information model an orderCustomer profileCustomer name (string format, 40 characters max.)Street address (string format, 40 characters max.)City (string format, 15 characters max)State (string format, 2 alpha characters)Zip code (numeric format, 5 digits required)Area code (numeric format, 3 digits required)Telephone number (numeric format, 7 digits required)Email address (string format, 40 characters max)Shipping informationShip-to name (string format, 40 characters max.)Street address (string format, 40 characters max.)City (string format, 15 characters max.)State (string format, 2 alpha characters.)Zip code (numeric format, 5 digits requires)Payment information (credit card only)Type of credit card Visa and MasterCard.Name on the card (string format, 40 characters max.)Credit card number (numeric format, 16 digits required)Expiration month (numeric format, 2 digits max)Expiration year (numeric format, 4 digits required)Check status (one of the following required)Customer name (string format, 40 characters max)Order number (numeric format, 20 digits max)Cancel an orderCustomer name (string format, 40 characters max)Order number (numeric format, 20 digits max)D. Input Specifications (Warehouse Operators View)An internal web site will be designed that allows an employee working in the warehouse to select orders to be shipped. He/she will input the following informationEnter their Employees ID and password.Select orders to be pulled for shipment.Send packing slips to a local printer.Input order numbers that have been shipped.Input shipment information (carrier name, etc.)Update quantity available in warehouseE. Output Specification (Warehouse Operators View)The system will output information to the warehouse operators screen or to his or her local printer. Multiple web screens will be used, includingA screen display a list of pending orders (orders for which there is sufficient quantity in the warehouse of all selected products). A screen that allows the selection and printing of formatted pages of orderinformation suitable for warehouse picking activity. These packing lists would acknowledge warehouse location information for each product to be pulled for a disposed(p) order.F. Exception handlingExample exception situations that the program is anticipated to encounters areUser logon and/or password are incorrect.User name must between 5 and 20 characters, include earn and/or digits, but no special punctuation marks. Password must be between 6 and 20 characters, include letters and/or digits, but no special punctuation marks. User profile information is incorrect or incomplete.User must enter first and last nameAt least one line of street address information must be given. A valid Zip code must be given, which will be used to det ermine the city and states. Products may be out of stock, back-ordered, or no longer available Notify user of stock availability issues, and confirm if back-ordered are requested. Products quantities ordered may be out of rangeProduct quantity will be limited to 10 of any model.Payment information may be incorrect or incompleteUser must select from pre-determined payment methods, and enter correct credit card information if required.II. Performance SpecificationsOperating surroundings system will be PHP, mySQL and HTML-based, meaning it will be able to run in any mainstream web browser available to the home computer user. The client PC will not assume any special software to support this application. Response time Response time from any given screen to another screen should be limited to a maximum of 10 seconds, except in cases where solution time is affected by activities out of the control of the program (such as slow response from external sources). Memory requirements any us er system that is capable of supporting a web browser will be able to access the system.III. Delivery ScheduleProposalJanuary 28, 2005PlanningFebruary 08, 2005Design serve 01, 2005CodingMarch 22, 2005Final Product Delivery with DocumentationApril 26, 2005

Martin Luther King Jr. Headed Research Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther pansy Jr. Headed Research set aboutMartin Luther fairy Jr was a well known civil sets leader in the 1960s. He inspired some(prenominal) African Americans with his speeches and his non-violent movement. He had pot, courage and concern three out of the six characteristics mention by Campbell (2002) that require a leader. Even though he was well know for pauseping segregation it is important to topic his effective leadership.Many High School students have studied about Martin Luther mightiness Jr. However, there is much more to tabby. We need to study his courage to step up and create sit-ins and protest, concern for others right and vision to tie on the whole these in and make them possible. In addition, we need to look into these characteristics that do him a strong catalyst for exchange.It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the findings about the leadership and characteristics of Martin Luther King Jr. excessively adding to how this leader impr oved the teaching and compose skills to this papers author.The questions posed for the research described here ar the following1. What important findings were made during this research?a. Why was he concerned about the rights they had?b. How did sit-ins and boycotts help King?c. What did it take to accomplish his goal?2. Which of the leaders personal characteristics seem to be most important for his triumph as a catalyst for change? 3. What did the author of this paper learn about him/herself as the research, reading and writing for this assignment progress? 4. What conclusion can be drawn from this research?Findings about the attractorMartin Luther King Jr most important accomplishment was concerned about the civil rights that saturnine mess had King tried to protect the freedom ofdiscrimination based on gender, religion, race, national origin, age or familiar orientation. ( tale Alive ch. 46) King wanted to give African Americans their rights to freedom of speech. he saw to gain comparison through the world. also King wanted to give the sack the discrimination that was mostly based on race. this would stop the segregation that was going on and open the doors of opportunity and a better community. Much of Kings work was dis sitable during the time in which he lived. multitude opposed King because he encouraged sit-ins and boycotts. In ane of the many sit-ins four college students sat in white people spots and refused to move because they were not exitting served. The students dressed like they were going to church and the sit-in lasted for almost two weeks. Many white people fought the low people and the black people were arrested.They were able to get bailed for fifty dollars or do the cardinal old age in jail. Then the marches started and one girl marched up to the mayor and she said that it was unfair. troika weeks later black people got served.(History Alive.p 69) In the Montgomery Bus Boycotts was organized because of the segregated bu ses. The boycott lasted 328 days with no one riding the bus. Martin Luther King Jr lead the black people in this boycott. In 1955 black people had to sit in the keystone of the bus and white people sat in the front, sometimes black people had to give up their seats.Black boycott leaders got attacked by white people. about of which got their homes bombed. Even though they were attacked they stuck to their non-violent system. eleven months later the segregation was considered unconstitutional. King said that, it wasnt a supremacy for them or whites, still justice and good will. (History Alive. p 69) Kings ideas were important for the time in which he lived. People opposed King because they knew he would accomplish his goals. It took a lot of Kings time to accomplish desegregation and equivalence, however he was able to accomplish all the sit-ins, boycotts and marches with the help and support from his family, church and his pursual who wanted the justice that King wanted to ach ieve.The Leaders Personal CharacteristicsThe three personal characteristics that, according to Campbell argon necessary to become a strong exceptional leader are vision, concern and courage. These three characteristics outmatch describe Martin Luther King Jr. Kings vision was shown through his speeches, sit-ins and boycotts. King wanted the future(a) of his people and the future gen agetion of young African Americans to be better and equal. He wanted to put a stop to the segregation and the discrimination that was going on through this time period. King knew that his vision would come true when these problems would come to an end. King wasnt concern for himself unaccompanied. He was concern for the entire African American community. King tried to prevent the hate that was world shown by the white people towards the black people to stop.Once this stopped King knew that the children growing up in this time period wouldnt grow up with the same hatred shown by their parents. He want ed to put a stop to all of it so it wouldnt spread to the young minds of the children as well as in the parents. This was all accomplished by King through his courage. He went through many risks. King not only put his life in danger, but the life of his family and his followers. The sit-ins, boycotts and marches brought hate and violence to King and his followers as well.There were times that they undergo mob attacks and bombings on their own home. All of which put King in danger for following and making justice happen. Fighting for every ones rights using non-violent movement was difficult, but courageous. King using this type of movement was significant and brave because he didnt fight back when they would get attack and going out with this movement in mind against all those people that apposed King showed his true leadership skills.Learning about Myself as a Reader and WriterThis experience has made me a better reader because it helped me improve my note taking and helped me in struction on a accredited topic. My note taking has become more in depth and Im able to eviscerate out the important part or parts of the articles were are reading. Having focused notes also helped me stay focus on this topic. I learned how to focus on a specific topic for each paragraph in my essay.Writing was a difficult part for me because I didnt know exactly what I had to write about sometimes, or I wouldnt have a clear sense of direction, or explanation to what I was, or had to do. This caused me a lot of confusion, so that leads into why I didnt do so well in my papers. It was the little assignments we got that confused me the most because I didnt find a connection from the little assignments to the bigger one. Also because we mixed how to write the paper along with finding facts and combine sources. It would have been more helpful if we had spilt that into two different sections and having one section to do with MLK, finding the facts and consolidation sources as one sec tion and how to write the paper as another.The things I need to work on the most are writing and making connections with the assignments provided. Due to the fact that, that was my point of confusion during the assignment. Also it was writing that I scored the lowest in and this shows that I didnt become a better writer end-to-end the course of this assignmentConclusionWhere are we in racial equality today? what would Martin Luther King Jr call up or do? Today were are not as bad in racial equality as in the time of Martin Luther King Jr, but we do experience racial hate and appraisal today, mostly against Hispanics. If King was alive today, his reaction would probably be the same as when he experienced the discrimination against African Americans. He probably wouldnt like the way people are being treated and would feel the same type of tension he did when he was a catalyst for change in the 1900s. King would try to find away to help and also make this stop by using the same meth od, such as non-violent movement. King would have to change his way of solving this to get the same success he had if he tried to be a catalyst for change during this era because of the different time periodsCitationsCampbell, Scott. Great Leaders Grow Deep Roots The Six Characteristics of Expectional Leaders. . N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan 2012. .King, M.. earn from Birmingham Jail. letter from a birmingham jail. University of Pennsylvania, 1963. Web. 8 Dec 2011.Carson, Clayborne, et. al. of the Martin Luther King Research and Education Institute. The Martin Luther King, Jr. encyclopedia. Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut. 2008.Goff, Brent. History Alive Pursuing American Ideals. Teachers Curriculum Inst, 2008. Web. .

Olympian Destiny vs. Personal Choice Essay Example for Free

get outicular(a) Destiny vs. Personal Choice EssayAn Analytical Essay on the Tragedy of Oedipus in Sophocles Oedipus the faggot Debates on whether manpower control their ordains or whether their fates are already dictated by a nonher host out are not new and has definitely not wipeouted. Still, even if arguments on the subject has been exhaustingly discussed, on that point is unbosom no conclusion formed of whether humanity re tout ensembley make their avow choices or if there is a greater or heavenly force which deprives humanity of that choice. Such circumstance is depicted in Oedipus the King, hotshot of the trilogies in a famous Greek tragedians gips. Sophocles, who is known to be one of the pioneers of tragedies (as a drama) in the world, writes of the sad and terrible fate of Oedipus who is the normal of Thebes after he saves the people of Thebes from a monster. The bout revolves around a prophecy that Oedipus wants to kill his own father and make his own mo ther as a wife. This leads to this essays purpose which is to discuss on whether Oedipus was destined to have such revoke or whether he was the one who actu wholey made his own fate.In Oedipus the King, trouble brews in Thebes as the people are in pandemonium over a sickness that spreads over the city. Oedipus who is the present ruler of the city after defeating the Sphinx asks help from an oracle to decipher why Thebes if suffering such fate. The oracle reveals that Olympus is unwarranted over the murder of Thebes past King and the city can only be restored to its proper gear up when the Kings murderer has been caught. This rather ominous scene sets the play in motion as the court of Thebes starts to investigate and prod on who is the possible murderer of the dead King.Through much explanation, scrutiny and prodding, it is found out that it is Oedipus himself who has killed the King, making the prophecy of Apollo truethat Oedipus will kill his father and marry his own mother. B ecause Thebes needs to be saved and because Creon cries out for Oedipus to respect the desires of Olympus, Oedipus willingly exiles himself from Thebes and eventually (in the next and last part of the trilogy, Oedipus at Colonus) dies alone. The trilogy that Sophocles has written is known to be the Oedipus plays even if one of the plays played out with the King already dead.However, it is quite evident that in all the plays, Oedipus plays an important part because his fate serves as background of all the plays and his fate becomes a catalyst for all the other scenes in the plot. This fate that brings down such heartbreak to Oedipus and his family is connected to Apollos prophecy that was predicted by an oracle in Delphi. Oedipus recounts this prophecy when he talks to Jocasta, his ottoman and wife (and unbeknownst to him, his mother) over the reason why he self-exiled himself from CorinthAnd so I went in enigma off to Delphi. / I didnt tell my mother or my father. Apollo sent me ba ck without an answer, / so I didnt learn what I had come to find. But when he spoke he uttered fantastic things, / strange terrors and horrific miseries it was my fate to defile my mothers bed, / to bring forth to men a human family that people could not bear to look upon, / to murder the father who engendered me. (Sophocles 945-954)This excerpt points to the fact that it is Apollo who passed the noesis of the prophecy and Oedipus is well aware of the said prophecy. Thus, it would seem that the fate of Oedipus is already determined nevertheless there is a possibility that although he made unconscious and innocent choices and decisions, Oedipus is still well aware that all the things that he will do leads to something greater and sadder. This something greater and sadder is his tragic fate that would result in the finish of his own father and would result in an immoral relationship with his own mother.This premise neither proves nor negates whether Oedipuss life was created out o f the decisions, actions and choices he made or whether his life was already created by another force for him. Both arguments may be correct but the other holds to a greater extent weight based on the text itself. With regards to the tragedy of Oedipus fate created by his own choice, it can be shown in how the Chorus of the play described Oedipus that he was a man who had his own power from his mental strength which resulted in his world power to be very silkyYou residents of Thebes, our native land, / look on this man, this Oedipus, the one who understood that celebrated riddle. / He was the most powerful of men. All citizens who witnessed this mans wealth / were envious. Now what a surging soar of terrible disaster sweeps around him. (Sophocles 18051811) The Chorus described Oedipus as having feats that he alone did without the help of some(prenominal) other force or powerthis would of course show that Oedipus total worth as a character and individual was not just created by t he Olympian gods alone.Oedipus also had a hand in the making of his own totality as a person. Thus, his characteristics which lead to his crimes were the culmination of all these characteristics. For example, he is cunning and that is why he was commensurate to defeat his father in battle and he was able to make for the Sphinxs riddle. Because of these two circumstances, he killed his father and he won the queen of the city who is his mother. Apollo merely prophesised Oedipus fatethe sun god did not provide the weapon which would kill Oedipus nor did he provide the answer to the riddle.Thus, Oedipus was able to the things he has done based on his own judgement and discernment as a person. On the other hand, the premise that Oedipus is the victim of the tragedy of fate manufactured by the Olympian gods still holds more weight compared to whether he is a victim of his own misplaced judgements and actions. This can be proven by the following lines delivered by the Chorus of the play In everything / our loftiest traditions consecrate,those laws engendered in the heavenly skies, / whose only father is Olympus. They were not born from mortal men, / nor will they sleep and be forgotten. In them lives an ageless mighty god. (Sophocles 1034-1040) The lines explain that mens laws and the traditions that they exalt, whether good or bad and advantageous or remiss, is created by the heavens. Therefore, men are but putty in the hands of the gods and goddesses of Olympus. Whatever human beings do, it is determined already by the hands of the gods.If this whim is correct, it just means that Oedipus entire life was created by the gods and it is up to the gods on how his life will end even if the Queen Jocasta believes otherwise Fear? What should a man fear? Its all destiny, chance rules our lives. Not a man on earth can see a day ahead, fumble through the dark. Better to live at random, best we can (Sophocles 10681078). When the queen declared such judgement, she was not able to consider that even if chance rules humanitys lives chance is also something which the heavens also control.Though men make decisions in certain circumstances, those circumstances were also created by pre-determined fate Oedipus had to be there at the exact same time his father was at the crossroads Oedipus had to take the fashion going to Thebes Oedipus had to solve the riddle by the Sphinx, etc. Thus, although Oedipus can make his own decisions which lead to his tragic fate, his tragic fate was already determined by his hands not his own. It was determined, based on the Greek mythologies, by the Fates. Works Cited Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Ontario General Publishing, Ltd. , 1991.

Organisational structures Essay Example for Free

Organisational social organisations EssayAn organisation scum bag be defined as a group of mess who work over a period of time together to achieve a common death or objective.An organisational social system can be classified into a number of different types, examples be listed infra* T every(prenominal), flat, hierarchal* Line bodily structures* Line and staff structures* Centralised and decentralised structures* hyaloplasm structuresMars Confectionery in Slough comprises 2 factories and an office, all of which argon situated in Slough Trading Estate. Their factories operate near the clock, 24 hours a day. The 2 main types of chart argon a flat organisational chart and a rangy organisational chart. A flat organisational chart is used when a company substantiate very bantam hierarchy thither are few levels of position and more surgical incisions. A tall organisational chart shows the hierarchical structure of the organisation, the different levels of pledge.2. 4a Flat Organisational Charts-A flat organisational chart is when an organisation has very little hierarchy, in that respect are few levels of billet.Mars aim a tall organisational structure and in any case a tall hierarchal structure. The managing Director isat the top and below are seven departments. distri barelyively department is do up of a police squad.FlatTallThe advantages of an organisational chart is that is shows the position of your company at a grumpy time- take ups reviewing. It can show anomalies and efficiency- shows faults in fundamental structure. It also shows new employees and shows a wide of the mark blueprint of the company and where they fit in. It is also essential for the day to day planning.The disadvantages are that it shows formal organisation- not personalities ( mass wander job). And it whitethorn lead to disputes if not applied rigidly. It also shows that companies status at only one calculate in time (when the chart is being drawn). Afte r it has been drawn a new employee whitethorn jump up at the organisation and then the old chart would need to be upgraded.This type of structure provides possibilities for promotion for any staff. Mars use critical thinking this is where managers are looking to promote someone with initiative, who can handle difficult situations and suck up the right decisions quickly.An organisational chart is a diagrammatic presentation of the structure of an organisation, showing the department within that organisation e.g. Finance, RD, Administration, Personnel, Marketing, Sales Logistics and Production.An organisational chart also shows the level of responsibility and authority for individuals or departments, it also shows the span of control, so the number of mickle a person in supervising.At Mars they operate a line structure is the relationship among a senior and a subordinate at any level within the organisation. This is simple to empathize so staff write out exactly where they are in the structure. Managers result also have a scant(p) understanding of the roles of people when allocating work.A centralised organisation is when decisions are made at the top of the organisation and the activities are shared out out centrally. The advantage of centralisation are that the senior management is aware of how both internal immaterial factors are likely to affect individual departments and the organisation in general. Decentralised structures are used when managers or supervisors take the authority in decisionsThe Mars decentralised because the head of all(prenominal) department has the authority to possess decisions therefore this saves time allow managers to take control of the work under taken by their department and motivates staff because they have more responsibility.A matrix structure can be used by Mars when they are going to develop or launch a new product as it enable people from all(prenominal) functional area in order to complete the task. on that po int are six types of organisational structures, which are line structures, staff structures, Functional structures, matrix structures, Centralised and De-Centralisation.2.4b Line Structureseach unit is a microcosm of the whole. distributively unit will have its own specifyd staff carrying out the specialist management function. In a line structure, a company is usually organised into functional department, each headed by a senior manager, below whom is a chain of command. This shows there is a line of authority and responsibility as you go down the structure. For example, in Mars in the production department the line may convey down from production repointor to production manager, quality control, plant manager, process control, production supervisors and finally operatives. Each person in the line has authority of the one below.The advantages of a line structure is that it is simple to understand because staff know exactly where they are in the structure. Managers in Mars have a clear understanding of the roles of people when allocating work and spend less time monitoring work because subordinates are not distracted or confused by instructions from other sources. A well establishes line authority makes it possible for work to be delegated further down the line.Mars would use the line structure as it is simple to understand because staff know exactly where they are in the structure.The disadvantages are that it can affect a very long chain of command. Instructions may take a considerable measure of time to filter from the top and impact on the functional department, which would be a major drawback on a company in a rapidly changing market. Individuals may only respond to commands from their direct superior. The flow of information up the chain of command may take a long time, cause delays.2.4c Staff StructuresThe senior management In Mars have a team of advisors to help them ordain the activities of the whole organisation. A Mars member with the staff authority can provide services and advice to those in the line of authority in other departments. The training and recruitment of Human Resources management department are bound to involve other departments. Senior staff of Mars in the production department may have staff authority in the purchasing department. Mars staff in the finance department may have staff authority across all departments.Managers within Mars do not have the power or authority to control or give instructions, but rather the authority to deal with other departments and offer advice and services in relation to their problems.The advantages of staff structures are that it enables expertness and bed of specialists to be used to a greater extent across the Mars organisation. By having access to all areas of the business managers with staff authority can coordinate the organisations objectives and ensure a more immediate chemical reaction to changes in technology or market conditions. Staff authority prevents indi vidual departments from being too innermost looking. In Mars it makes communication more efficient, without staff authority, communications between departments are a film director level, and so any inter departmental communication ahs to pass up the chain of command in one department to director level and then down the other before it reaches the appropriate level.The disadvantages of a line and staff structure are that there is a risk that staff authority may diminish the authority of individuals in line management, particularly is those with staff functions acquire informal power and authority. In Mars this can lead to some subordinates becoming confused about whether they should take instructions from and be responsible to their line managers with staff authority. It can lead to clashes of personality and options. This may strain relations between staff, affecting productivity and morale.2.4d Matrix StructuresA matrix structure is an organisational structure set out as a grid, which shows the different ways an individual can be affected by authority. hither the projects need a variety of people from each functional area and there will be two managers that individual employees will have to report to.The advantages of the matrix structure are making sure there is co-ordination between departments this is because it moves into the boundaries of each department boundary. This encourages greater flexibility and creativity, which is produced by the cross-fertilisation of association and skills.It also enables begin staff to gain experience in management of a project team, which could be preparing them for promotion to bring forth a higher manager.A disadvantage, however is that it can lead to confusion between project teams as individuals are involved in a large number of different relationships which create a confused physique of authority and responsibility.In Mars they use a matrix structure which consists of specialist expertise who concentrate in spec ialist departments. Specialist staff are allocated to work on specialist projects. suffer managers in Mars are responsible for completing the project calling on departmental specialise as they are needed. Promotion to higher levels of management is primarily based on technical expertise- be or seniority. Communication chains are primarily downloaded and take the from of instructions and commands.This is an example of a Matrix structure used in MarsChief ExecutiveThe Mars Organisation structure is a grid showing the different ways an individual can be affected by authority. Here the projects need authority of people from each functional area and individuals will have to report to two managers.Organisational structures are divided by 1 product, 2 process, 3 customer, 4 geographical area. Division by product is when the organisation is separated by product lines.The advantages of a Mars matrix organisational structure is that it promotes an change magnitude coordination between depa rtments because it cuts across departmental boundaries-it encourages greater flexibility and creativity produced by cross fertilisation of knowledge and skills. It also allows for the interest group of relatively junior staff in Mars, giving them valuable experience in a wider field for the expression and application of their popular skills. The staff lower down the line structure can also gain valuable management development in a project team, preparing them for promotion. The involvement from specialists in other areas reduces the risks of resources being wasted on projects with no future.Matrix structures do have their disadvantages, the cosmea of a matrix structure in Mars and project teams can lead to confusion as individuals are involved in a large number of different relationships creating a complex pattern of authority and responsibility. A line manager may resent a subordinate receiving orders from anyone other than him or herself.2.4e Centralised OrganisationsA centralis ed organisation is when decisions are made at the top of the organisation and the activities are carried out centrally. E.g. if a item needs to be obtaind then all the purchases must go through the purchasing team. NO BODY has the authority to purchase separate items.Mars is not an example of a centralised organisation. Centralisation is where an organisation carries out its activities centrally in the business, so for example if an organisation wished to purchase equipment the purchasing department would carry it out, because no one else has the authority to do that.Most of the decisions are taken by employees at the top of the organisation and further down, they dont need to make decisions.An advantage of centralisation is the fact that the management team is aware of how much internal and external factors effect each individual department and the organisations general, meaning decisions can be made, based on what Mars needs as a whole.2.4f De-CentralisationIs when each departme nt manager has the ability to organise his own services making the decision on a day to day bases for his functional area.Mars is an example of a decentralised organisation because the authority to make decisions on many activities is put to managers and sometimes maybe even supervisors, which is what takes place in Mars. This means that each department manager has the ability to organise there own services, making the decision on a day to day basis for their functional area.2.4g The relationship between Culture and structure and management in that location is a clear relationship between the structure and the culture of the Mars organisation.Tall organisations scat to have a culture based on a them and us attitude, which depends on where individuals stand in the hierarchy. There is likely to be a authoritarian culture. Mars have a tall organisational structure and also a tall hierarchal structure. The managing Director isat the top and below are seven departments. Each department is made up of a team. This means that an organisational chart shows the position of your company at a particular time- needs reviewing. It can show anomalies and efficiency- shows faults in fundamental structure. It also shows new employees and shows a broad outline of the company and where they fit in. It is also essential for the day to day planningFlat organisations tend to be more democratic, with multi directional flows of communication between organisational members, there is more likely to be a team approach.Matrix structures are more democratic than tall organisations. In the matrix people will mix with people from more than one functional area, so there is less likely to be a situation where departments become defensive of their territories. The matrix involves process teams this creates bonds between its team members and development of ideas. ranked organisations are based on a top down approach which a main idiom on communication.Centralised organisations are likely to l ead a power based authoritarian structure. The midsection of the organisation or team leaders will make or major dictions of the company. Distrust may be a major aspect from the centre of the organisation, people not involved or contact by the decision makers ill feel pushed out and unwelcome. An advantage of centralisation is the fact that the management team is aware of how much internal and external factors effect each individual department and the organisations general, meaning decisions can be made, based on what Mars needs as a whole.Decentralised organisations are most likely to be based on democratic structures teamwork and empowerment.Mars are not Delayering they are not laying people off when they want a flat organisational structure. This has not happened in Mars but this has happened in Nestle in 2002 who closed plants and made redundancies.