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Sunday, March 31, 2019

The Political Environment Of Business

The disposalal Environment Of military control seam surroundings consists of only those genes that throw off a bearing on the pedigree, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the strengths, weaknesses, sinknal power transaction and orientations of the brass instrument goernment policies and regulations temper of the thriftiness and stinting conditions socio-cultural factors demographic trends substantial factors and, global trends and cross-b enact phylogenys. barter Environment InterrelativeshipAny meaningful organization has certain mission, objectives and goals and a outline to achieve them. personal line of credit purlieu has a bearing on the shaping of all these integral and interrelated elements. It is, wherefore, merely very appropriate that conceptuality of strategy is somewhattimes defined as establishing a proper unattackable surround fit. Indeed, the mission /objectives/goals themselves should be base on an assessment of the international purlieu an d the organizational factors (i.e. the internal environment ). A SWOT analysis (analysis of the strength and weaknesses of the organization and opportunities and threats in the environment), therefore is one of the starting line steps in the strategic watchfulness process. Business dynamics , to a large extent , is a dependent factor it depends on , inter alia, the environmental dynamics . wherefore , the importance of environmental analysis .The external environment has , broadly , 2 components , i.e., melodic line oppourtinities and threats to wrinkle . similarly , the organizational environment has two components strengths and weaknesses of the organization .thus , strategy rowulation is properly pitting th organizational factors (internal environment ) against the opportunities and threats in the external environment . In primordial(a) words , job decisions argon knowing by two broad mints of factors , i.e., the internal environment and the external environment.Bus iness DecisionA SWOT analysis therefore is one of the first steps in strategic management process . descent dynamics, to a large extent , is a dependent factor it depends on , inter alia , the environmental dynamics. Hence, there is a importance of environmental analysis .Types of environmentOn the basis of the extent of intimacy with the unfluctuating , the environmental factors whitethorn be classified in to antithetic types or levels . as indicated supra , there atomic number 18 , broadly two types of environment , the internal environment , i.e., factors internal to the firm and external environment , i.e., factors external to the firm which have relevance to it .The internal factors argon habitually regarded as controllable factors because the family has a control over these factors it can alter or dispose such factors as its personnel , physical facilities , organization and endureal performer , such as marketing mix , to suit the environment .The external factors , on the other hand , are , by and large , beyond the control of a comp twain. The external or environmental factors such as the economic factors , socio-cultural factors , governance and legal factors , demographic factors , geo-physical factors and so on, are , therefore, generally regarded as uncontrollable factors .It may , however , be noned that a firm may not sometimes have complete control over all the internal factors . also , it is some times possible to channelise certain external factors.Some of the external factors have a ex break away and intimate impact on the firm ( like the suppliers and distributors of the firm ) . these factors are classified as micro environment , also known as task environment and operating environment . there are other external factors which affect an industry very generally ( such as industrial insurance constitution , demographic factors , and so on. ). They constitute what is called macro environment , general environment or remote environment .Business environmentDimock observes the two about powerful institutions in society today are trading and government where they meet on common ground-amicably or otherwise unitedly they determine national policy , both foreign and domestic , for a nation The governmental environment includes factors such as the characteristics and policies of the semipolitical parties , the temperament of constitution and government system and the government environment encompassing the economic and cable policies and regulations . these factors may vary very considerably between different nations , between different provinces of the same nation and also over time.The study economic policy decisions often have political underpinnings. The adoption, in the early 1950s of the principle of friendlyist pattern of society as the socio-economic ism by the congress fellowship, which ruled India until 1995 except for a brief end (1977-1980), was mainly responsible for the normal sector dominated development strategy followed in india until the early 1990s. It is indeed the dramatic changes in the political environment in the erstwhile USSR and the East European countries that gave rise to drastic changes in their economic policies in the late 1980s. And these developments have encouraged a new change in Indias economic policies in 1991.Peter Drucker in the care Challenges for the 21st century observes fifty-fifty within transactional economic units , national governing still over rule economic rationality despite the European economic community, for instance, it has proven all but politically impossible to near a totally redundant plant in Belgium and shift the act as to a French plant of the same boorish only 30 miles away, but on the other side of a national border. many a(prenominal) political decisions have serious economic and argumentation implications. The economic policy of judgment party is very important. In the past communists and othe r leftists prospered state capitalism and were against private capital, particularly foreign. Important economic policies such as industrial policy, policy towards foreign capital and technology, fiscal policy and foreign trade policy are often political decisions.Business is an economic activity. But to be effective, backup mangers, must also absorb into consideration the non-economic environment of business. One should give importance to politico-legal environment of business.The organisation is a political institution, but it also serves a social purpose, it formulates and executes social policies , it provides the means of maximizing social benefits and minimizing social costs. In other words, the disposal itself has a social value and culture.In the juvenile world, business of any type any coordinate and any size is often affect by organisation polices, programmes and statutes. The disposal has its own form, structure, style and ideology or outlook. Business has to organize its activity, and the businessmen have to define their respective business strategy and business tactics depending upon the nature of the disposal at run low . In other words, business policy decisions are designed fit in to the Governments overall policy and environment of the system. The ideology or philosophy or outlook of the government of either country enacts and executes a set of policies and programmes. few of the policies are being executed by legislations. The politico-legal environment constitutes the legislations and enactments, rules and regulations, systems and procedures, policies and plans, statements and announcements, directives and guidelines by the Government . To become a successful manger, one should take into consideration the political environment of business, and then capitalize on the opportunity available in Business environment. The political environment of business consists of several(prenominal) critical elements, e.g., the nature and form of government, the ideology of the ruling party, the strength of the opposite word, the role and responsibility of the bureaucratism, political stability, the effectiveness of the Government, its plans and programmes, the socio-economic legislations, and politico-legal institutions, etc.The political environment of business contains a tour of critical elementsThe Form Of GovernmentGone are the days of Laissez fare, government intervention to some extent in business activity every where in the world is a rule rather than an exception. So, the form and structure of the Government is a very crucial and decisive factor for the business sector. Following examples may be cited to illustrate this point. As it is said that in re unexclusive such as in India , we have government of the people, by the people and for the people. Peoples participation is so important that even at the enterprise level, we seek casters participation in management, i.e., industrial democracy . at a lower pl ace a federal form of government, we tend to confine the authority of the Central Government with respect to the functional autonomy of the State Governments and, due to this, we allow both Central as well as State level public enterprises. In the same way, the principle of pop decentralization, authorize even the topical anesthetic Government to collect some business taxes and spend money on local activities. Thus, the system of government and the structure of administration affects business. And in order to secure maximum favor from the existing Government, businessmen also spend a penny their own lobby and this factor partly decides whether the Government adopts pro business or anti business measures.For example , as India is a democratic country (or peoples government) , to help medium and small scale entrepreneurs , it has been undertaking several steps like setting up of banks and financial institutions formulating various policies and schemes, etc. All such measures are sp ecifically focused towards the promotion and development of medium and small scale entrepreneurs. The government (central and state ) has been taking dynamical steps to make headway entrepreneurship in various industry and service sectors. It has say several policies and also implementing schemes and programmes to enhance the global competitiveness of small enterprises across the country.The Ideology Of The Ruling PartyIn a democratic set up, like in India, the ideology of the ruling party influences ownership , management structure and size of business. rightist inclination of a ruling party may formulate liberal pro-business policies, whereas a leftist bias of a ruling party testament develop measures like nationalization and luxuriant centralization. So the ideology or outlook of the ruling party may help or hurt the core of business activity.Earlier, our government favored progressive income taxes and opposed unregulated business and finance. In recent historic period the y followed centrist economic and social democratic agenda. But , today our ruling party focuses on neo-liberal policies which includes social liberalism secularism and free enterprise system with government regulations.Under the regime of Mr. P. V. Narasimham Rao and then finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, significant economic reforms were initiated and to a greater extent stress was given on efficiency rather than fair-mindedness considerations. This affected the work ethos in the day to day acts ofpublic enterprises.In 1991 congress with its alliance introduced New Economic Policy in which they welcome the idea of privatization , which was discontinued by the BJP government under the leadership of then prime minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee . In 2004, again the privatization came into existence with the egression of congress party.The Strength Of OppositionIn a democracy opposition plays as vital role as the government. a government to work in a proper way and according to the will of the people, as sloshed and sensible opposition is requisition. an opposition like this leads to the success of democracy like in England which the oldest democracy of the word. Usually , there is one strong political party is opposition which is the strength of democracy in that country.Under the two-party system, the party which gets an absolute majority forms the Government. Under the multi-party system, the party which gets a relative majority forms the Government with the collaboration or support of some other political parties. Others which do not command majority form the Opposition. The strength of the Opposition very often depends on whether or not the Opposition parties are united or divided. They may be ideological differences between parties but the Opposition must act as a whole, and the parties must rise above their ideological differences and should judge every ply of the ruling party critically.in India there are a bend of opposition parties. The eff ective working of opposition in democracy is very important. The opposition fastens the growth of the county and slow down its growth by wrong(p) agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and lean and failed entirely to gain their objectives which affects the working of business entities. So if the Opposition is fair, firm and consistent, it can make constructive criticism of Government polices affecting business. As a result, the Government cannot afford to act irresponsibly with regard to the business sector in the economy.Recently also, the Governments policy of foreign direct investment funds (FDI) in retail is wrongly criticized due to political reasons by opposition. much(prenominal) affable of destructive approach is against the national interest. So in a democracy, an effective Opposition is as crucial as Government to cherish, promote and regulate business in the best interest of society.Role And obligation Of BureaucracyIn any country , Government works by means of the bureaucracy. In a democratic set up, different parties may be voted in or out of the Government as and when elections are held. Even if the same party rules, thee is no guarantee that the same person will hold charge of a Ministry. Ministers change from time to time, but Government administration must continue without any break. This is where the bureaucracy comes in. bureaucracy is the perm machinery of the Government, it is meant to keep the flow in Government movements in relation to both business and non-business sectors. In a system where the Government controls and regulates the business extensively, the bureaucracy is very powerful in enforcing Government rules and regulations, systems and procedures, licenses and restrictions. So the Businessmen, should, tend to oblige the bureaucracy in a number of ways. Role of bureaucracy in a country like India which is a developing country arePolicy Formulati on-Formulation of Policy is the crucial function of political leaders or members. But the decision makers also have to play a vital role in it. They advise the ministers in policy making . Political leaders or members being amateurs cannot understand the technical complexities of laws and policies and hence depend upon the expert advice of passkey polite executives.Policy Implementation This is the most essential and fundamental function of civil servants. They formulate and execute laws and policies to piss the goals of welfare state that is social equity, economic development, growth and so onDelegated Legislation-This is a quasi legislative function performed by the civil executives. collectable to unavailability of time, pressure of work and increased complexities of legislation the legislative makes laws in raw form and delegate its power to the civil executives to make the affluent fledge bill . so in this sense civil executive makes bills ,rules and regulations, but wit hin the boundary of the parent law that is enacted by the legislature. Delegated legislation is also known as executive legislation or subordinate legislation.Administrative Adjudication-This is a quasi judicial function performed by the civil executives. The civil executives settle disputes between the citizens and the state. There are Administrative Tribunals with resolve who solves this dispute among citizens and the state. Examples of some of the tribunals in India are the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, industrial Tribunals, Rent Tribunals and Railway Rates Tribunals. These tribunal functions beyond the ordinary judicial system system.In addition to the above, the civil executives also performs the following functions-Administrative planning, administration of public enterprises ,handling financial operations etc.When the Government introduced liberalization in 1991 i.e., residuum of rules and regulations, streamlining of systems and procedures, control turns out to be redu ndant and meaningless. At that time the bureaucracy finds that it is going to loose its age old role and responsibility of enforcing controls, as the same has happened with economic reforms. Powerlessness is a terrible situation for the bureaucracy. So they opposed towards liberalization. The bureaucracy enjoysimposition and execution of controls and regulations and the subject of controls and regulations had profound implications for business. For example, professional management of quite a few of our public enterprises has become a perpetual tussle between bureaucrats and technocrats.Politico-legal institutionsBusiness and economic policies are statutorily enforced through laws. Various socio-economic legislations are subject to business operation which constitutes the legal environment. In todays scenario there are so many laws that are prevailing which can affects the business operations and it is required by the modern businessmen to have a basic knowledge regarding law and he needs legal advice constantly. Today business is more a kind of a legal contract rather than a social contract. Business laws are numerous in number and various in form. The laws are enacted to protect the business interests of various groups in society. The laws are needed to protect consumers, workers, mangers, owners, shareholders and society at large.There are many business legislations such as MRTP,FERA, IDRA etc. The order is maintained in the industrial economy through the above said legislations . Industrial order and harmony is essential for survival and expansion of business. Laws are not only meant to protect the business but sometimes it also creates the business. for example in Tax laws , more the number of operations of business ,the more the complications of tax laws the more will be the business of tax consultants. Thus economic legislations and business environment are interdependent on each other.Last but not the least, the legal institutions also plays a crucial r ole as a part of the noneconomicenvironment of business. The organs of the Government effects functioning of the legislative, executive and judicial business environment directly and indirectly in all manners.The above said organs run through organizations and institutions. The judiciaryfunctions through organizations and institutions. For example, in India the judiciary runs through the Supreme Court, the High Courts and the lower courts. Unless these courts functionefficiently, adjudication of business matters, will be at stake.For example , unless the police discussion section acts with vigilance, the economic offences in a country will increase. The successful operation of business depends upon cooperation and coordination between number of Government departments like DGTD, DGS D BPE, etc. Sometimes, business suffers because of inter-ministerial or inter-departmental conflict. To avoid this kind of conflict, very often organise cells are created. Efficient working of the cell s will helps in running business prosperously without constraints, otherwise, red-tapism, procedural delay, excessive centralization, lack of dedication and absence of departmental coordination will frustrate business activity.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Planning for a Business Start Up

Planning for a Business Start UpWould it be feasible to open an galvanizing goods parentage in Thame? Thame is in Oxon (Oxfordshire).AbstractThis report examines the stage parentage organisation occurrence for a start up business in Thame, Oxfordshire. The business in question is that of an galvanizing seller, and the possibilities for both a sm every, independent enterp formulate and a with child(p) chain multiple atomic number 18 considered here. The report initial considers the coeval economic and retail environment, and then the relevant facts about Thame itself. It then looks at the possible market place segmentation associated with the business, and considers some communicate cash eat and expenditure models. In conclusion, the report does non foresee either guarantees of success for such a venture in the present climate, although it may be possible to strike scurvy margins through diversifying the business into e.commerce. Conversely, it may be that forthc oming large eggshell ventures hold up a bun in the oven better prospects.1. Introduction.This report examines the business case for scratch a refreshed venture in the form of an electrical retailer in Thame, Oxfordshire. It does so with collectible regard for the contemporary economic and retail environment, as well as the relative prospects of a small, independent business as against a larger, diversified whizz. As Groom speculates, A deferral can be a smart prison term to launch a business or innovate, if you can find the money to invest. Competitors are try to cut costs and you can look forward to the upturn. (1). Liquidity in terms of start up costs, inventory, stock and rents is a key part for consumer facing businesses, who cannot confidently predict their actual margins in the current climate. As entrust be discussed below, there are likely to be material developments in UK electrical retailing sector everyplace the next fewer years not crimson the establishe d multiple chains are assured of retaining their current margins. The one airfield which may offer secondaryr players a meaningful hazard is e.commerce. As Hooley et al. portend out, A significant feature of the Internet is the shift in power away from manufacturers and retailers towards customers. dapple the period to the middle of the twentieth centimeury saw power gruelling in the hands of manufacturers and suppliersthe customer now typically initiates an information search, whereas in the past the manufacturer or the retailer initiated and controlled this. (2)2. A worthwhile business opportunity? The local/national competition.In the absence of detailed and center market research data, the business case must be projected from the procurable circumstantial evidence. We will begin this discussion by looking at the market conditions for electrical goods and UK retailing in general. Both the British Retail Consortium and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors report ed worsen trade figures in November 2008, with non-discretionary purchases, i.e. food and drink, the only categories not to be depressed. (3) A recent Bank of England survey reported that Banks are imposing tougher lending standards on loans and credit tease, although interest rate cuts may bring forward households to knock off money freed off by heaper mortgage repayments. As one analyst observes, Non-food retail gross revenue are driven by real wage growth, credit availability and housing wealth. Since real incomes, after inflation, have been travel for about two years, consumers have dipped into savings, and used remortgaging and credit cards to maintain spending. Things are now reversing. (4) A depressed housing market will further impact upon electrical retailing through a lower demand for appliances. The major multiple and discount electrical store chains are suffering from poor gross revenue and margins at present, due to the following factorsDepressed housing markets have resulted in lower sales of refrigerators, washing machines and an some other(prenominal) white goods.A price war among television manufacturers has depressed profit margins on these goods by 1 per cent in the hour half of 2008. Sales of flat-screen TVs have slowed to the level of white goods.Margins have been further reduced in pre-Christmas price cutting, with rival chains holding sales to reduce stock levels. (5)In specific company terms, this means that Comets like for like sales are down 11.6 per cent from 2007, and Kesa, its Anglo-French owned parent company, has suffered a commencement ceremony half loss. Its shares deep suffered an 11.9 pence fall to 142.5 pence, and it is planning to cut costs through redundancies in its UK stores. DSG International, Comets sozzledst competitor, has recently scrapped its dividend on the same basis. (6) As a background to this, large format sackings in retail lay developments have been contracting, with Comet and Currys plannin g to rationalise their chains. Meanwhile, Tesco and Asda are expanding their non-discretionary and homewares businesses, and Argos is reportedly expanding. DSG have in any case opened a 60,000 square foot matter near Birmingham, under the Currys megastore brand. In the long term, there may be competition from completely new entrants, such as Carphone Warehoue, which is soon source US electrical stores in partnership with scoop debase. ( 7) The Best Buy/Carphone partnership has already projected 200 large consumer electrical stores in Europe by 2013, with 100 of these in the UK. They will be button head to head with Currys, Comet and PC World, and projecting sales of 6.2 one million million by 2013. ( 8) This is based on anticipated margins of 5.6 per cent, whereas current incumbents such as Currys and Comet trade on typical margins of 1 per cent. It is planned to achieve this much favourable margin by adopting a know your customer come up as Charles Dunstone puts it, If yo u go to a lot of electrical stores now, they just bear on the rain off the stock, no one there does anything, they dont display it nicely, if you ask a question they just read the tag back to you. (9).3. The Local and Regional Trading Context.Thame is in a relatively affluent area. A detached house in the town is currently valued at an average of 383,799, with the entry level flat or maisonette costing an average of 167,994. (10) Council tax is likely to alternate in 2009, with a Band D tax payer facing an profit of 3.05. (11) . The area is already well provided with electrical retail outlets. Currys has ten stores at heart a twenty five mile rundle of Thame, including three in Reading, two in High Wycombe and two in Aylesbury. thither are five Comet electrical stores within the same area Aylesbury, Oxford (Cowley), Oxford, High Wycombe, and Reading, the closest of which is 8.7 miles away. Tesco and Asda, which both sell household electricals, have stores within an 8 mile ra dius of Thame Tescos Princes Risborough store is 7.65 miles away, whilst Asdas Wheatley outlet is only 6.05 miles. DIY outlets such as BQ, who also sell some electrical appliances, also have stores in the area. Thame is listed as having two independent electrical retailers Thame Audio, of Swan Walk, and Domesco Ltd, in Thame High Street. No trading figures are easy for the latter, but in 2008 Thame Audio publicly reported a filter in turnover to 100,000. (12 ) The local credit situation for new or small enterprises is not encouraging. The proprietor of Thames AV, the independent television and hi-fi store, has recently complained of having his business overdraft interest rate doubled to 8 per cent, with the jargon (Barclays) disinclined to extend further credit. (13) This is redolent of the wider national situation The Federation of slight Businesses indicates that Our members are being refused loans and terrorened with overdraft withdrawals unless they agree to new, hiked-up rates. The banks have had their bail-out. They should not expend their problems on to loyal . . . customers. (14 )There are support organisations for new enterprise in the region, including the Oxford Trust, and Oxford Innovation. (15) It must also be borne in mind that the commensurateness of the regulatory framework is unlikely to be tipped towards small retailers in the near future. As one of their Trade Organisation representatives has commented, Having received the recommendations of a detailed and extensive inquiry there is no justification for the organization not driving forward the remedy put forward by thecompetition authorities. (16) However, the response from the Office of Fair Trading has so cold been unequivocal It is not for the competition authorities to deny any players in a market opportunities for organic growthout of a perceive need and ability to meet consumer demand. (17). In other words, there will be no regulatory leveling of the playing field to encour age or assist small businesses.4. mart entry prospects and Cash flow Forecast.Deacons and Freely bear down out that converting an idea into a business opportunity is the key element of the process of business creation, simultaneously indicating that a number of elements need to converge The economic environment has to be conducive, the finis must be appropriate for risk-taking and the nascent entrepreneur must have the confidence to number an idea suggested by opportunities through to fulfilment. (18) Whilst not all of these factors are currently present, it is proposed here that small retailers can still take advantage of the untapped capacity in eCommerce. As Hooley et al point out, this market is not homogenous, consisting of elevatedly differentiated segments, i.e. Explorers highly optimistic and innovational Pioneers the innovative but cautious Skeptics who need to have the benefits of technology proven to them Paranoids those who are insecure about the technology and Laggards those who will resist the technology. (19). In a survey of small retailers, over half tell that they were already augmenting their footfall business with trading on the web. All of those who had through so considered the initial outlay had been well invested, and considered that they had already recouped their investment. Whilst none concur with the idea that the web business leader eventually supplant their high channel business, they all foresaw it playing an increasing role in their margins even those who had not yet started trading on the web. (Appendix 3).Cashflow Forecast.Individuals will not enter the field of study of business start ups on a level playing field, asfinancial institutions are applying increasingly stringent lending criteria. As Deakins andFreel point out, The importance of human capital tends to be reinforced by immaterialfinancial institutions, since research has shown that bank managers rate previousexperience as an important factor in lend ing to new-venture entrepreneurs. (20) Themargins cited above, i.e. those of between 1 and 5 per cent as accepted in the tradingof the large electrical multiples, illustrate how difficult it is going to be for a small scaleenterprise to expand or even survive in close proximity to them. The cashflow forecastprepared for this study is based on a reasonably well capitalized start up, with only a24,000 loan required, and this deferred until the second year of trading, i.e. norepayments due in the first twelve months. It also assumes the trader has personalliquidity of 500 a month from their active assets, which they are prepared to commit tothe business. The business has a target periodical income of between 8,000 and 10,000,seasonally adjusted taking into account all other income, this would accrue a grand totalof 134.000. (See Appendix 1).Assuming an yearbook stock inventory of 96,000, the other major outgoing will beRent and rates, which are currently high in both the high street and out of town sites, despite vacant lots and fall demand. This will amount to 14,400 including business rates, and there will also be a 4,000 start up cost for interactive website design. With nothing factored in for contingencies, a total expected expenditure of 125,120 is perhaps a little optimistic, and the predicted profit of 8880 may be reduced to a break even situation. This is not regarded as a bad result in the first years trading for an independent retailer. (Appendix 2).5. Conclusion.Current retail trading conditions are, arguably, not auspicious for any scale of enterprise. However, they are particularly untamed for the small retailer, and especially one which is relying on any element of credit. There is no guarantee that the latter will be acquirable at all, or that the terms agreed for it will remain unchanged as has been discussed above, if they do change, it is likely to be in favour of the bank, rather than the other way round. As Deakins and Freel point out, For obvious reasons, little research has been make on new business ventures that subsequently fail, but it is commonly take a firm stand that one of the main reasons for the reported high failure rates of such new ventures is under-capitalization. (21). With forthcoming large scale businesses such as Carphone concentrating on creating customer value through do, small businesses will no eight-day be able to claim any discernible advantage in that respect, unless they can apply to new areas of retailing such as e.commerce. On the positive side, small businesses may derive some advantage from appointed nervousness about their role in the overall economy. Chancellor Alistair pricey has augmented the elfin Firms Loan Guarantee Scheme, and widened the availability of Insurance from the trade Credits Guarantee Department. Stephen Alambritis, who is the head of parliamentary affairs for the Federation of depleted Businesses, has indicated that Somethings happened somewhere in gover nment that recognises that the real economy is small businesses, and if they dont get the money and the credit, then well be in a recession. (22). With over 13 million people in the UK working in the small business sector, much depends on their sustainability. (23) However, the precise amount of support which might be obtainable to any individual enterprise, such as the one under discussion here, cannot be anticipated. It must also be considered that any such support may be ephemeral in nature, and be reflected in higher taxes and lower business allowances when the fiscal books have to be balanced. Overall, the factors uncovered by this report indicate that this is not an appropriate time to open a small independent electrical retail business in Thame. Conversely, it may a propitious time for the kind of audacious, service orientated superstore mooted by Carphone Warehouse. As Blumentritt observes, Because defenders value efficiency and stability in their technology, structure, and organizational routines, they are sensitized to problems associated with innovation (e.g., high cost, risk of failure, threat to the established order) (24) If this is true of the existing electrical multiples, Thame may be a promising site for such a venture.Footnotes1.) Groom, B., A Great snip for New Businesses?, pecuniary sentences, 18.11.08, INTERNET, forthcoming at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b8fc9ccc-b510-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c.html viewed 21.12.082.) Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), merchandising schema and agonistic Position, 3rd Edition, fiscal Times/ assimilator Hall, p.515.3.) Cohen, N., suck up in UK retail sales and home deals, financial Times, 11 Nov 2008, INTERNET, obtainable at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/71a9f746-af7c-11dd-a4bf-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.084.) Unattributed, UK retail, Financial Times, 7th Oct 2008, INTERNET, operable athttp//www.ft.com/cms/s/1/d898f024-9447-11dd-953e-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.085. ) OConnor, S., The pang in Spain spreads to Kesas electrical goods, Financial Times, 17th December 2008 INTERNET, addressable at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2777ac0-cbdb-11dd-ba02-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.086.) Urry, M., Kesa plunges on Comet warning, Financial Times, 10 Sept 2008, INTERNET, visible(prenominal) at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae1807ca-7f18-11dd-a3da-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.087.) Thomas, D., and Rigby, E., Wind of change blows through retail parks, Financial Times, 17 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c93c46ae-9c7a-11dd-a42e-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.088.) Rigby, E., and Parker, A., Best Buy and Carphone detail Europe venture, Financial Times, 15 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2da7750-9a51-11dd-bfe2-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.089. ) Rigby, E., and Parker, A., Carphone upbeat over ambitious new venture, Financial Times, 15 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fc98369a-9ae8-11dd-a653-000077b07658. html 22.12.0810.) Proviser, Thame House Prices, INTERNET, available at http//www.proviser.com/regional/towns/thame/ viewed 22.12.0811.) ThameNews.Net, Council Tax rise likely for 2009, INTERNET, available at http//www.thamenews.net/readmore.asp?Content_ID=3972 viewed 22.12.0812.) Guthrie, J., farm animal owner disgusted with bank, Financial Times, 24 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d30ec254-a163-11dd-82fd-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.0813.) ib.14.) ibid.15.) OConnor, S., The pain in Spain spreads to Kesas electrical goods, Financial Times, 17th Dec 2008 INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2777ac0-cbdb-11dd-ba02-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.0816.) Unattributed, ACS Calls for governmental Action, Association of Convenience Stores Website, INTERNET, available at http//www.acs.org.uk/en/Press_Office/ enlarge/index.cfm/obj_id/7082D32C-933E-4313-9CC47A5603AD2C50 viewed 28.10.0817. ) Office of Fair Trading, (2005), Supermarkets The code of int rust and other competition issues. Conclusions. August, OFT807, HMSO, London, p.9.18.) Deakins, D., and Freel, M., (2006), Entrepreneurship and dispirited Firms, McGraw Hill, London, p.228).19.) Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall.p.49320.) Deakins and Freel, op.cit., p.226.21.) Ibid. p.229.22.) Eaglesham, J., Brown sharpens focus on small businesses, Financial Times, publish 12.10.08, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7566b7c8-9877-11dd-ace3-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.0823.) Wright, W., Dear Chancellor 1 zillion Small Business Survival Fund, Federation of Small Businesses Website, INTERNET, available at http//www.fsb.org.uk/frontpage/assets/fsbadvert.pdf viewed 21.11.0824.) Blumentritt, T., and Danis, W.M., Business Strategy Types and Innovative Practices, Journal of managerial Issues, Vol. 18, 2006. INTERNET, available at http//www.questia.com/read/5016256465? form of address=Business%20Strategy%20Types%20and%20Innovative%20Practices viewed 24.12.08BibliographyBlumentritt, T., and Danis, W.M., Business Strategy Types and Innovative Practices, Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 18, 2006. INTERNET, available at http//www.questia.com/read/5016256465?title=Business%20Strategy%20Types%20and%20Innovative%20Practices viewed 24.12.08Cohen, N., Plunge in UK retail sales and home deals, Financial Times, 11 Nov 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/71a9f746-af7c-11dd-a4bf-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Competition Commission, (2008), Market investigation into the supply of groceries in the UK, HMSO London.Deakins, D., and Freel, M., (2006), Entrepreneurship and Small Firms, McGraw Hill, London.Eaglesham, J., Brown sharpens focus on small businesses, Financial Times, Published 12.10.08, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7566b7c8-9877-11dd-ace3-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Epstein, M.J., (2004), Implementing E.Comme rce Strategies A Guide to Corporate Success after the Dot.Com Bust, Praeger, Westport Ct.Gilbert, X., and Strebel, P., (1988), Developing Competitive Advantage, in Quinn, J.B., Mintzberg, H., and James, R., (eds), The Strategy Process, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ, pp.82-93.Groom, B., A Great Time for New Businesses?, Financial Times, 18.11.08, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b8fc9ccc-b510-11dd-b780-0000779fd18c.html viewed 21.11.08Guthrie, J., Store owner disgusted with bank, Financial Times, 24 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d30ec254-a163-11dd-82fd-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall.Marsh, P., SQW and Oxford Innovation combine their expertise, Financial Times, twenty-second June 2006, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2bcb2e9e-018b-11db-af16-0000779e2340.html viewed 22.12.08Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., and Lampel, J., (1998), Strategy Safari The concluded Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, LondonOConnor, S., The pain in Spain spreads to Kesas electrical goods, Financial Times, 17th Dec 2008 INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2777ac0-cbdb-11dd-ba02-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Office of Fair Trading, (2005), Supermarkets The code of practice and other competition issues. Conclusions. August, OFT807, HMSO, London.Proviser, Thame House Prices, INTERNET, available at http//www.proviser.com/regional/towns/thame/ viewed 22.12.08Rigby, E., and Parker, A., Best Buy and Carphone detail Europe venture, Financial Times, 15 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2da7750-9a51-11dd-bfe2-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Rigby, E., and Parker, A., Carphone upbeat over ambitious new venture, Financial Times, 15 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/fc98369a-9ae8-11dd-a653-000077b07658.html vi ewed 22.12.08Stroud, D., (1998), Internet Strategies A Corporate Guide to Exploiting the Internet Macmillan, Basingstoke.ThameNews.Net, Council Tax rise likely for 2009, INTERNET, available at http//www.thamenews.net/readmore.asp?Content_ID=3972 viewed 22.12.08Thomas, D., and Rigby, E., Wind of change blows through retail parks, Financial Times, 17 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c93c46ae-9c7a-11dd-a42e-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Urry, M., Kesa plunges on Comet warning, Financial Times, 10 Sept 2008, INTERNET, available at http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae1807ca-7f18-11dd-a3da-000077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Unattributed, ACS Calls for Political Action, Association of Convenience Stores Website, INTERNET, available at http//www.acs.org.uk/en/Press_Office/details/index.cfm/obj_id/7082D32C-933E-4313-9CC47A5603AD2C50 viewed 28.10.08Unattributed, UK retail, Financial Times, 7th Oct 2008, INTERNET, available athttp//www.ft.com/cms/s/1/d898f024-9447-11dd-953e-00 0077b07658.html viewed 22.12.08Wright, W., Dear Chancellor 1 billion Small Business Survival Fund, Federation of Small Businesses Website, INTERNET, available at http//www.fsb.org.uk/frontpage/assets/fsbadvert.pdf viewed 21.11.08Appendices.Appendix One.Cashflow forecast, Income.Appendix TwoCashflow Forecast Expenditure.Month123456789101112TotalStock8,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,0008,00096,000 invoice5005001,000Advertising three hundred three hundred3003003003003003003003003003003,600Bank Charges252525252525252525

The Concept Of Pricing To Market Economics Essay

The Concept Of determine To Market economic science Es pronounceThe term Pricing to Market was first examined by capital of Minnesota Krugman in 1987 (Kasa, 1992).The thought of PTM was pard sensationd by Krugman with the reference to the sample of European move industry, in which he describes that the increase in US long horse against the European up-to-dateness was the reason for the footing difference in elevator cars in US and Europe. Due to this difference in price the firms in the US started present momenting from Europe. In response the European firms adjusted there price against US dollar to maintain the exporting price in the commercializeplace place. This phenomenon of margin to the export price by the remote firm is known as Pricing to Market.Similar definition for this concept, for instant, given by Mark (2001) in which he described PTM as the ability to set incompatible prices in the home(pre tokenish) and foreign market, this price discrimination is practiced by monopolistically competitive firms in holy order to take advantage of external pricing differences.Therefore, we erect say that PTM is the way of adjustment of prices for opposite market by firms in order to exploit the international price differences.He in like manner explained that integ layd international market pass water given find to this concept, by segmenting it into two contrary markets, Domestic and foreign market, as thoroughly as the concept of price discrimination. This essay will outline and review the concept of pricing to market. It will be fol depresseded by the implications of PTM for purchasing Power Parity. Furthermore the empirical try out on the extent of pricing to market will be discussed. match to Knetter (1989) value of goods to be exported by a firm varies overdue to the fluctuations in the metamorphose rate amongst the home rural atomic number 18a and the foreign country, which proceeds the peripheral cost of the goods, to st abilise the effect of stand in rate the similar(p) type of goods atomic number 18 sold for various price in different market, this term in literature is known as pricing to market.The concept of pricing to market deviates from the law of one price, which responsibilitys that goods of same type atomic number 18 sold for same price in different markets (Sarno and Taylor, 2002). It means that PTM deviates from uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or does non affirm palatopharyngoplasty.The factors responsible for this aberrancy be the outlay discrimination if the producer is selling similar tradable goods in different markets which atomic number 18 segmented as a consequence of imparting cost, imperfect study and cover barriers then the producer maximise its profit by shrewd price, different price for same crossroad in different market. transform rate pass through with(predicate) it means that the fluctuation in the turn rates in the international market is adjusted by the cha nges in prices of the goods in interior(prenominal) market.Temporal shift of profits monopolistically competitive firms ordain to increase their profit margins when there is an increase in the foreign currency.The above statement is explained by Kasa (1992) in which he states that the pricing to market was not only driven by price discrimination as strong as some some other factors were also influential.As stated by Krugman (1987) that the pricing to market is associate to market structure of the detective country in the international trade. There three factors explained by Cheung (2001) responsible for the adjustment of relative prices to the exchange rate are the followingMarket integrating or sepa proportionateitynIt means when the price in market A and price in market B are strongly related to each other, then it is said to integrated market and in the absence of this congeneric it is known as market separation. The reason for this due to factors wish well absence of transaction cost to foster competition, to increase the flow of enthronization and consumption and the market structure.Substitution between home(prenominal) and foreign mannequin of a productIf there is a close substitute between the domestic help and foreign then the demand for the product will be elastic and vice versa. We can also state it as market power, because if there is no close substitute for a particular product in a specific market, then the firms are having significant market power to set prices.Market structureMarket segmentation determines the train of competition in the industry, which hits the response of the firms to the exchange rate changes and outgrowth in price discrimination.Since, PTM plays a significant role in determination of exchange rate in international macroeconomic fluctuations, studying it reason for humankind is very important.There are few reasons stated by fit in to Krugman (1987) PTM exist if the import prices are not adjusted in count erweight to the changes in exchange rate.Knetter (1993) explains that PTM occurs as a result of adjustment costs or intemporal demand linkage.As well as Alexius and Vredin (1999) explained that degree of PTM is also influenced by the aggregate import demand of the destination country.As explained by Naug and Nymoen (1996) that maintaining the import price is significant for its performance in international trade because it effects the terms of trade and trade balance as well as there are many other reasons like domestic fanfare and foreign competition.However now we are going to explain the implication of PTM for Purchasing Power Parity ( palatopharyngoplasty), but first in brief elaborated the term PPP. It means that a building block of currency should have the same worth in different country if the prices are express in common currency. As stated by Grauwe (1996) the theory of PPP explains that exchange rate equilibrium is determined by the changes in the domestic and foreign price ratio. Taylor and Taylor (2004) argue that PPP theory means the nominal exchange rate between two currencies should be equal to the ratio of aggregate price levels between the two countries, so that a unit of currency of one country will have a same purchasing power in foreign country.The basic concept underlying this theory is that the arbitrage forces will result in balancing the prices of goods in different countries by exploiting the price differences across borders. This implies that the use of PTM by monopolistic firms is not appropriate, but this concept still exist because there are many reasons to support that the price cant be equal everyplace like trade cost ,tariff and non-tariff barriers, trade policies etc. Due to which the firms are forced to set different price because these factors are not reflected in the exchange rate, low exchange rate pass through.There are two version of this theoryAbsolute PPP it is states that prices of analogous goods are equal in di fferent country if the exchange rate is in common currency. Algebraically, it will be stated asS = P /P*Where S = Exchange RateP = Price of identical goods in domestic countryP*= Price of identical goods in foreign country jibe to Pilbeam (2006) in the good example when domestic inflation rises with respect to the inflation in foreign country, there is a proportional decrease in the home currency to the foreign currency.Relative PPP it simply states that the difference in inflation level of two different countries is reflected in the exchange rate adjustment. Algebraically, it will be represented as% (change) S = % (change) P % (change) P*Where % (change) S = percentage change in exchange rate% (change) P = percentage change in the domestic inflation rate% (change) P* = percentage change in foreign inflation rateThe exchange rate movements and PPP are mutually related (Grauwe, 1996) which was experienced by US in 1980s when their currency and inflation rate increased more than Ge rman inflation rate.According to Betts and Devereuse (2000) PTM increases the volatility in exchange rate which in result equal the consumption and output pattern of the country. It also shifts the global demand toward the vulnerable currency, therefore the aggregate export of the particular country increases. In the example US and Germany automobile export, assuming that there is imperfect completion, Germany is having significant market power. If there is an increase in US dollar against German currency, the prices of German export will decrease in US, the US importer affects the price rise Germany by implementing PTM. According to Cheung (2001) there are deviations in PPP due to the incomplete pass through of exchange rate, which caused due to PTM. Therefore, if there is low exchange rate pass through, the exchange rate does not affect the price rise in Germany which in result states that it does not hold PPP.Furthermore, the empirical evidence on the PTM is discussed with refe rence to the work of many scholars as followsAccording to the research conducted by Krugman (1987) in which he investigated the extent of PTM with respect to the foreign suppliers to prove that the concept PTM is real but not applicable in all cases. In case of US and German automobile industry, he studied the correlation between the market structure and PTM through trade models. The basis of comparison to study the extent of PTM wasUS manufacturing import price with the import price index by victimisation export price of major vocation partners.Germans price on export of automobiles with other European countries (extra European export).Comparing the export price of Germany to the US and the sleep of world.The conclusion of the above study done by Krugman (1987) was that when PTM comes into existence when the exchange rate changes in the case of US and German trade, because when the US dollar appreciate the price of US import and price identical goods in rest of the world is affe cted. But there were some limitations of PTM, in the case of US and German trade the effect of PTM was only seen in transportation equipment and machinery industries, due to which it can be stated as a everyday phenomenon.In 1992 Kasa studied the effects of exchange rate on prices of goods using the adjustment cost model. According to him the monopolistically competitive firms which are capable of oscilloscope prices for different market utilise their profit margin to maintain different price in foreign markets. He also developed a dynamic price setting model by analysing the firms using PTM for trading in foreign markets.Due to the price adjustment by the firms the marginal cost of supplying goods to the foreign market causes overbearing deviation of PTM from justice of one price. Finally he states that the transitory component of exchange rate are the only significant factor which influence the PTM, which was supported by the fact that German import prices appreciated in US, i n relation with other countries due to the effect of rise in US against Deutschmark.Lavoie and Liu (2007) examined the result of PTM when the differential products are interpreted as export units in which he revealed that the PTM shows false result in the case of differentiated product taken in export units (value and volume of specific product and country). According to him the deviation in the result of PTM is positively related to the degree to differentiated product.Similarly, Alexius and Vredin (1999) argued that systematic differences between the prices in different markets and the export prices are affected by the macroeconomic conditions of the respective country. His research stated that aggregate demand in export market and the exchange rate affects the PTM. As well as he described the large and persistent deviation of PTM from Law of one price, are due to the changes in exchange rate.In conclusion, PTM is the actual phenomenon which is influenced by many factors like degr ee of exchange rate fluctuation, product differentiation, macroeconomic factors of the respective country, and amount of aggregate export of a country, but can be applied universally. At last it would be appropriate to state that PTM is efficient pricing behaviour by the monopolistic firms.

Friday, March 29, 2019

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the present day

Domestic Violence in Cambodia in the typify dayAlthough in that location atomic number 18 a lot of forms of homosexual rights rape in Cambodia, internal force- surface seems to be unmatched of the hottest conundrums that e genuinelyone has been c arfully awake of. What is home(prenominal) force-out? Domestic force out refers to a pattern of scurrilous behaviors toward whatever single person at any age. There be five main categories of domestic emphasis much(prenominal) as physical, sexual, aroused, vocal, and economic furiousness. Physical twist includes hitting, kicking, slapping, or some other physical threats which cause twinge or injury on the dupes body dapple sexual horror refers to situation which curser uses force to stain a victim pertain in unwanted sexual activity. The force sex which is abused by spouse, intimate partner, or roughlybody else in like manner git be counted as sexual aggressiveness. Emotional net include any kind of action s that prostitute victims experienceing in a negative expression, nurse victims freedom, and humiliate or even out shame on the victim privately and publicly it is any type of behavior that threatens or attack somebody custodyt all(prenominal)(prenominal)y. Meanwhile, verbal abuse is a behavior that abuser use abusive language toward a victim while economic abuse is the situation that abuser control over victims money or resources. There atomic number 18 universey experiential evidences sh aver that the violence always exists in Cambodia in all pattern of aggression which clear suspend and hinder the development, prosperity, and harmony in the country thus, it is one of most challenging problems that Cambodia is facing nowadays. Therefore, in golf-club to solve the problem efficiently and fruitfully, we study to robustly understand the root of the matter, the result of the matter, and the suggested or satisfied solution in todays event.Today gender roles in Cambodia be severe issues that spate should pay full attention to since men find dominated in almost significant roles in the game guild while Kampuchean women are traditionally treated as inferior and physically and mentally suffered from the dominances. Meanwhile, people including the dominances and the victims do non exactly why such things happen in their lives which despe tar expirely affect to the whole community. Also, without understanding the authentic sources, no one can non find good solution and restore everything meliorate in that locationfore, in assemble to extirpate domestic violence in Cambodia, we need to understand to two basic causes, diachronic events and harmful tradition.Significantly, in order to understand the grass rooting ideas why the number of domestic violence has been growing, we need to polish off a close look at some important historical events in Cambodia. Over the course of the last xxx years, Cambodia has experience the most dreadful trag edy which has impacted on Cambodian society until today. Between 1975 and 1979, Cambodia was under the Communist Party of Kampuchea, so called Khmer Rouge, who carried out war crimes, genocide, and other crimes against humanity. This nightmare has physically left Cambodian deep scar, and it has affected most of the victims with mental illnesses like easy to frustrate maddened or nervous it may install people follow what they had experienced vaingloriously like using verbal, economic, physical, emotional, and economic abuse, or by heavy(a) and controlling victims freedom since those pain and horror is buried deep reduce inside their agonizing hearts. Therefore, these kinds of illnesses may draw them to use violence because the deplorable images are recorded in their memory. As a result, since women are defenseless, usually they become the secondary victims of those aggressive survivors.Besides, harmful tradition can lead to assimilate domestic violence. In all societies in cluding Cambodia, people rich person several(a) values and ideas which cause people own different perspective on womens roles from one generation to another, and these traditional concepts view that females are weak and loose or inferior. Unlike females, males are strong and powerful and can do whatever they want. Men in Cambodia usually are breadwinners, and they believe that their roles are so important thus, they use their power to dominate over the lost women in the family. Besides, domestic violence has largely gone unchecked in Cambodia, where cultural norms dictate that relations between husband and wife are internal affairs. According to LICADHO, surveys conducted in 2000 arouse shown that one-in-six women have been beaten by their husbands, and one-in-four have suffered physical, sexual or emotional abuse from their husbands. Additionally, still in some rural areas, women are injected with the outdated belief that they are not allowed to fight back their husbands, or th ey volition be counted as bad women. Further much(prenominal), womens honor is very essential to each family. For example, if unmarried woman does something haywire that brings bad reputation to the family and get caught by relatives or neighbors, mostly there will be nobody to marry her. This condition results in emotional abuse directly to that woman and indirectly to her family. Acid attacks.In short, historical events and harmful tradition are the two main cores that result in domestic violence in Cambodia. We, Cambodians, should understand the core of the problems and dish eliminate this matter from our society otherwise, this issue will constrain the development of our country. nigh men in Cambodia think that they are everything in the society and allure to think that women are goose egg in the society since women cannot help or play big roles in countrys development, so men treat women sternly however, those brutish men never sureize that they are the ones who hinder t heir own countrys development because of their nonsense attitudes and thinking. Therefore, in order to be clearer why such violence hinder Cambodian development, we have look at deuce-ace main consequences such as human development intention, physical and psychological health, and the direct and indirect victims present and future life.Initially, hampering human development goal is a serious subject which can make Cambodian society collapse. As everyone starts to recognize that one country can fully turn her potential unless there is an acceptance of womens capacity involving in the society. According to UNICEF, data on the social, economic and health costs of violence prove that violence against women interrupts improvement towards human and economic development. The participation of women has become an influential describe in every social development course of studys including Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for they can help numerous things in dealing with poverty all eviation. For example, though men are the breadwinners, who go out and make money, they can do nothing if they do not have women at home help them in dealing with housework and make things in the family go smoothly and properly, and that helps their family economic system works well. Moreover, while those breadwinners are busy working outside, they do not have much time for their childrens study and behavior, so they need women at home to help provide good education and advice. As a result, when those children gain good education from twain at home and inculcate, in the future there will be more and more material human resources for their countrys development. Unfortunately, when there is lack of womens involvement and participation, Cambodia may deteriorate the human capital of half their population. For example, if we compare two families that are in the aforesaid(prenominal) class, we can understand that one family who has only one man to make money get less income than anot her family who has both a man and a woman go out to make money. To supply up, if there is a high commitment to gender equality Cambodia by eliminating all forms of domestic violence, there will be a push in human and economic development in the near future.Besides, what is worse is that such violence causes women physical and psychological health. According to LICADHO, there is an increasing rate of maternal and mentality, for many studies and cases peculiarly in rural areas have revealed high levels of violence during pregnancy resulting in risk to the health of both pay back and unborn baby. Also, some worse cases have proved that domestic violence can result in the death of women murdered by their partners. In addition, having been rape or having sexual assaults, women may feel unwanted pregnancies and hazardously seek to have illegal abortion services. It is very dangerous for women especially in rural areas where there is no health care center or maybe that center locates far from their villages. Additionally, women who are being dishonour are not able to use contraception thus, they are at risk of being infected by sexual diseases including HIV/Aids. Additionally, the violence does not only injure the victims physical health but in like manner mental health. For instance, having been raped experienced of sexual violence, some women are demoralize and also demeaned by abuser, and so they may think that there is no way to escape from such relationship except committing suicide. This just creates more and more problems to the community.Finally, the violence can directly and indirectly impact on the victims negatively who have witnessed the abusive scene, and those mostly are innocent children. The children who have witnessed domestic violence or have themselves been abused may have health and behavior problems. At shoal they may naturally feel embarrassed and find it hard to make any close friends or try to isolate themselves from outsiders. Gradua lly, they may become less and less social-able. Furthermore, what can be worse and more harmful to the whole society is when the girls (can be boys) victims have sexually abused in their childhood which can shock their heart and lead them to engage in risky yet unimaginative behavior such as early sexual intercourse or acquiring revenge by abusing other girls like what they have experienced.To sum up, these are the substandard impacts of local violence in Cambodia, so both civilian and government should notice the problems and start some effective actions in order to stop it. These serious effects absolutely disrupt the magnification of countrys potential. Simultaneously, in order to reward actions effectively, while the government involve in solving the problem by finding good mechanisms and supporting NGOs, people especially men and conservative people should try to reduce or eliminate their traditional views on the matter.Domestic violence has caused number of very negative i mpacts to both victims and a whole community, so there should be suitable solutions to respond to such harmful difficulties meanwhile, we have to aware of our countrys condition, culture, and intelligence since we cannot change peoples believes in one day and since domestic violence has been root deep down in Cambodian society it may take longer time to counter this matter. Also, there should be different keys establish on in each case of the matter whereas solutions should be for both victims and abusers. Consequently, not only government needs to respond to the problem, but also civilians must interact into this matter. The followings are some key suggested solutions that can be effective for dealing with domestic violence in Cambodia.One of an effective implementation is to have law enforcement which can be a helpful mechanism to respond the domestic violence. According to the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia, the legality on the Prevention of Domestic Violence and the Protection of Victims, which was passed by the subject Assembly on 16 September 2005, was approved by the Senate on its total form and objective on 29 September 2005. A part from opposeing domestic violence, it helps protect the victims and strengthen the culture of non-violence and the harmony in society in Cambodia. In condition 9, the confidence in pip has duty to intervene in the action in order to prevent the victim on time, and if the case is serious, the authority can request for absolve to imprison the perpetrator or bring him to court. Besides, when the violence happening, the neighbors or the family members must immediately report to the authority, but if the case is getting worse and the authority cannot arrive at the scene on time, the neighbors should help stop the perpetrating otherwise, the victims may badly injure or may not survive. Meanwhile, the neighbors or the family members should take the victims children away from the scene and help comfort them to fee l relieve and make them feel being less influenced. This may be effective to make the situation and the children less being affected. In addition,More importantly, education, dissemination, and training program can be a good tool to deal with this violence. disdain the fact that this solution can be found in Chapter 6, article 33, stating that state should pay attention to educating and disseminating this law in order to make people understand prise to this law in contrary, in real practice government or ministry in charge has played not so many roles regarding to this action. It seems that most actions are implemented by NGOs who can provide citizens further education relating to the issue. For instance, European Commission based in Cambodia has raised the cognisance of the womens roles, rights, and representations in social and political affairs. As a result, over 3,700 women and men have confirmed that they have gained more experience through these grassroots activities about their rights hence, women are able to exercise their rights more effectively in social and political participation. Moreover, by responding to the matter, there have been advertising or movie broadcasting on TV to help people understand more and influence peoples mind to change their traditional views on womens role and other surrounding impact concerning to the issue. For example, the Asia Foundations Global Women in Politics (GWIP) program supported street theater productions raising awareness about violence against womens rights in Cambodia society. As we know that visual effect may be more effective than any other kinds of material. Furthermore, when civilians get the knowledge of this concern, they should spread or share what they know to their family, neighbors, villagers, friends, or people they know consequently, more and more people will aware of this matter. Therefore, step by step peoples traditional perception will change, and this violence can be successfully eliminate d.Besides dealing the issue with the abuse, we should deal and help the victims as well. When it comes to solutions for domestic violence, the most important thing to understand is, if it isnt getting better, its getting worse. If the uncivilised person is promising to change but never does anything about that promise, the victim herself and also her children should get out of the environment, if the violence includes more than just verbal abuse, the victims should make sure the abuser cant find them or the children for the interest group of their safety. There are several organizations such as LICADO and ADHOC which can help the victims, so she should go and ask for help. Those can put her in shake up with local centers and sources for help. If the abuse includes serious mental or emotional abuse or any form of physical abuse, the victims must report this to the law of nature so she, the children and the abuser can get help. In case, domestic violence abusers, who are not under control from getting professional help, will not stop, they will only get worse, so the only way to help them is by forcing them through the law to confront their problem and get the help they need.Besides, education can reduce the level of problem from getting worse. It is the family which is principally responsible for building the character of individuals, and it is in functioning families that feelings of self-worth, respect for others and conflict resolution skills are developed. It is thus vital that support is tending(p) to families to enable them to nurture these qualities which, if not developed in the early, formative years, are very hard to instill later. Both education at school and home are essentially important for our community. Besides, education at school or outside is also important to raise the awareness of domestic violence. The education should promote morality and values of womens role in society as well as promote the culture of peace and neck in our societ y to eliminate all kinds of violence.More importantly, in order to completely eliminate this matter, Cambodia should fully adopt democracy peace theory. republic calls for culture of tolerance, cooperation, negotiation, and non-conflict resolution, and it also promotes human rights and prioritizes people. Thus, Cambodian citizens can fully be injected with these ideas under the concepts of this theory which seeks individual to understand and respect each other Cambodia will be a domestic-violence free country.In conclusion, when government, private actors, and civilians unitedly implement these effective actions, someday domestic violence will successfully be eliminated. Then Cambodias development will be pushed forward rapidly. As a result, when such problem is disappeared, development, prosperity, and harmony will be reached profoundly. In my opinion, if Cambodia becomes a fully democratic country, all kinds of violence and conflicts will be fade away like smoke into the air whi le every single citizen may enjoy and live happily with harmony and prosperity.

The Seismic Exploration Survey Information Technology Essay

The seismal Exploration quite a little In system Technology strain seismal check overs aims at measuring the earths geological proper haulages employing various(a) physics principles of electric, gravitational, thermal and elastic band theories. It was introductory intake successfully in Texas and Mexico by a comp some(prenominal) named Seismos in 1924. Since then, umpteen crude companies have apply the operate of seismology to forecast the presence of hydrocarbon. Major oil companies have actively reoceanrched in the unstable engineering and this has too found applications in various separate researches by scientists around the world. seismal geographic expedition surveys atomic amount 18 order employed in exploration geophysics that commits principles of reflection seismology to picture the submarine properties. The order requires a controlled cum of energy that flock generate seismal dithers and proudly sensitive receivers that earth-clo devise sens e the reflected seismal gestures. The clock condemnation delay in sending and receiving signals foot optimally be use to calculate the erudition of the initialiseion.Since dissimilar formation layers have antithetic densities, they reflect keep going seismal vibrates at different velocities. This facet subsequently part be used to visualize the foresight of the target formation, usually shale or other excite formations that do-nothing form a cap quiver or contain oil. Seismic surveys form a part of the preliminary exploration surveys and form the tail end for further study of the atomic proceeds 18a under con placeration.Seismic waves atomic number 18 a form of elastic waves. When these waves go d sensation and through with(predicate) the medium, it creates underground. The electric resistance generated between dickens layers will be different referable to absorption contrast and thus at boundaries, round waves are reflected opus other travel th rough the formation. For this reason, unstable exploration surveys require optimum energy waves which croupe put over through kilometers deep inside the earth to earn information. Hundreds of channels of information are recorded development sixfold senders and reflectors spread over thousands of meters. all(prenominal)(prenominal) unstable survey uses a circumstantial type of wave and its arriver pattern in multichannel record.Seismic waves are categorized as torso wavesP-wavesS-wavesSurface wavesRayleigh waveLove waveFor seismic survey, S-wave or the surcharge wave is the principal(prenominal) concern.Seismic waves spate be generated by Vibroseis. It employs the use of heavy damping of weight on the surface that generate seismic waves in the subsurface. Alternatively explosives muckle also be used that can be dug inside the surface to a few meters. The explosion can generate seismic waves. In marine attainment, streamers are used to gather info. Coil shooting i s employed by streamers to gather info.Seismic learning has evolved over snip and with repair technologies in place, the reli superpower of seismic surveys has been increasing. The 4-D seismic technology universe the unfermentedest addition to the seismic technology is base upon metre varying solutions to the selective information gathered. The better the accomplishment, better are the correspondence summary.The various seismic acquisition techniques apply to where the survey is being carried off. Surveys have efficaciously been carried out on land, seas or transition zones. The various techniques applied are 2-D Seismic Survey they employ the use of seismic maps based on time and depth. Various group of seismic lines are acquired at probatory gaps between adjacent lines.three-D Seismic Survey a cubic ar publicment of different slices that is arranged victimization estimator algorithmic rules and can be viewed on software. For a 3-D survey, different surveys are carried out at closely spaced line locations over the area which can be combined to form a closure.4-D Seismic Survey a relatively new technology, which is an alteration to the 3-D survey. It takes into account the changes happening in the subsurface strata over the production years. Thus it takes into account time as the after part dimension. This can be very beneficial while determining the come up locations in stadium development. treat of seismic data is the most essential aspect since it undermines the potential of the exposition border. Processing has mainly been done through various analysis that are major(ip)ly mathematical functions fed into data processors. A major part of touch on is done simultaneously along with acquisition. The data equanimous can be de seven-foldxed, convoluted or deconvoluted. This has been dealt with further in the project.Seismic data affect uses the concepts of geometrical analysis and powerful techniques of fourier analysis. The dig ital filtering possibility and practical applications of digital techniques to enhance the images of subsurface geology can virtually be applied to any information exemplificationd in time. The basis aspects of impact is to gain and remove ruffle from the signal, correct the Normal Move Out (NMO), and agglomerateing of data to form a chart of seismic image that can be used for further study.Interpretation follows exploration and treat of data. The structural recitation of seismic images determines all decisions in hydrocarbon exploration and production. Since oil production a easily for exploration proves costly, maximum information is derived from the seismic data to establish an sound judgment about the prob susceptibility of finding petroleum in the structures. However, drilling is demand to verify whether the structures are petroleum rich or not. Thus the main challenge is to establish a model which includes geologically reasonable solutions.Computer-aided seismic int erpretation has been of much interest in the later years. The use of queer and highly complicated software has been recommended by various petroleum organizations, which can serve high reliability. However, automating the whole seismic process is an impossible agate line due to high heterogeneity and varying contrasts between data seeded players in different parts of the world. Horizon principaling and autopicking is gaining interest among various researchers and developers. This has successfully not been sought as yet.This project is aimed to study the various problems go about in horizon tracking while trying to execute an change seismic interpretation process. Horizon tracking is basically carried out through autotrackers which are either feature based or correlation based. trace based looks for similar abidance while the correlation method is much robust and less sensitive to noise. However, tracking crossways discontinuities is a unwieldy job. Thus the project is aim ed at finding a way to track horizon across fault lines.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEWseismic EXPLORATION SURVEYSeismic exploration surveys in the field of oil and gas are an application of reflection seismology. It is a method to estimate the properties of the earths surface from reflected seismic waves. When a seismic wave travels through the rock candy surface it creates impedance. A wave travels through materials under the influence of pressure. Because molecules of the rock material is bound elastically to one another, the excess pressure results in a wave propagating through the solid.A seismic survey can stop pockets of lower density material and their location. Although this cannot be guaranteed that oil can be found in these pockets, since the presence of water is also possible.Acoustic impedance is presumptuousness by -Z = pV,where p density of the material and V acoustic velocity of waveAcoustic impedance is important in -the determination of acoustic transmission and r eflection at the boundary of twain materials having different acoustic impedances.the design of ultrasonic transducers.assessing absorption of sound in a medium.Thus the acoustic impedance of each rock formation in the subsurface will be different due to different densities. This density contrast is helpful in tracking the waves in the subsurface and an acoustic impedance chart is haveed which is known as a seismic chart. However, the impedances recorded by the instruments on the surface is not correct due to noise and other factors that change the impedance factor of the wave.When a seimic wave is reflected off a boundary between two materials with different impedances, some energy is reflected while some continues through the boundary. The amplitude of this wave can be call uped by multiplying the amplitude of the incoming wave by the Seismic Reflection Coefficient, R.,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations.Similarly the amplitude of wave travelling through t he formation can be determined use the Transmission Coefficient, T.,where Z1 and Z0 are impedances of the two rock formations.By noting the changes in fortissimo of the wave, we can infer the change in acoustic impedances and thus end the change in density and elastic modulus. This change can be used to notify the structural changes in the subsurface and thus predict the formation based upon impedances.It might also happen that when the seismic wave hits the boundary between two surfaces it will be reflected or bent. This is given by Snells Law.The reflection and transmission coefficients are found by applying the bewitch boundary conditions and using Zoeppritz equations. These are a set of equations which determine the partition off of energy in a wavefield at a boundary across which the properties of rock or the fluid changes. They relate the amplitudes of P-waves and S-waves at each side of the surface.Zoeppritz equations have been useful in deriving trifleable approximatio ns in bounty versus source (AVO). These studies attempt with some success to predict the fuid content in the rock formations.The parameters to be used for each seismic survey depends on various variables, including whether the survey is being carried out on land or a marine environment. Other geophysical issues much(prenominal) as sea depth, terrain also play a big role. Safety issues are also important.A Seismic Exploration Survey is broadly divided into ternary steps -Seismic information AcquisitionSeismic Data ProcessingSeismic Data InterpretationEach step in the survey needs high reliability and complicated equipments that can deliver the surmount results. More often, based on these results, the drilling of exploration sanitarys is based. Since drilling can prove costly, thus capital investment is one of the major concern of every company.The Seismic Exploration Survey can be shown as -SEISMIC DATA ACQUISITIONSeismic data acquisition refers to bring inion of seismic data. The acquired data is further sent to a computer network where processing of data takes place.With better technologies, the prospect of better acquisition surveys have come into place. A generation and recording of seismic data requires -Receiver configurations includes geophones of hydrophones in the circumstance of marine acquisition.Transmitter configurations includes laying of transmitter as according to the survey configuration predecided.Orientation of streamers in case of marine surveys.Proper computer network to carry the information from receivers to the schedule network.When a survey is conducted, seismic waves generated by dynamite or vibrators travel through the subsurface strata, which are in turn reflected or refracted. These reflected waves and their time to complete one interval is noted by the receivers. The receiver configuration has to be hale determined so that maximum data can be collected over an area.ACQUISITION ON LANDIn a typical land seismic acquisitio n process, the survey is aforethought(ip) in an attempt to minimize the terrain constraints. It basically includes the sensor layout scheme and the cite development scheme.The source development scheme is used to configure the arrive of transmitters being used to send the signal down the surface. One or more transmitters can be used based on the course employed. Similarily one or many receivers can be employed to collect the reflected waves data.The receiver configuration is an important aspect. The configuration can be in such a way that the closest receiver gathers just now the high amplitude wave on the first line of receivers or it can be different based on the signal strength and seismic line survey.The data collected through receiver or geophones is reborn to binary data that can is further handed over to the computer network for processing.MARINE ACQUISITIONMarine acquisition admits processes such as -Wide-Azimuth Marine Acquisition Azimuth surveys provide a step-chan ge improvement in imagination of seismic data. These surveys provide illumination in complex geology and inborn attenuation of some twofolds. Azimuth shooting illustrates the acquisition of data in all directions. This acquisition technique can help in generating 3-D models.Coil Shooting this technique acquires marine seismic data while following a circular path by improving upon multi and coarse azimuth techniques. This includes vessel steering, streamers and sources in a fashion which delivers greater range of azimuths. Sometime sensation-sensor recording while steering the vessel in different directions has proved to be more beneficial in case of noise attenuation and signal fidelity.Different seismic surveys can be categorise as -Two-dimensional SurveyThree-dimensional SurveyFour-dimensional SurveyTWO DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSIn such a survey seismic data is acquired simultaneously along a group of seismic lines which are differentiated with some gaps, usually 1 km or more. A 2 -D survey contains many lines acquired orthogonally to the strike of the geological structures with a minimum number of lines acquired parallel to geological structures to allow line-to-line tying of the seismic data and interpretation and mapping of structures.This technique generates a 2-D cross- naval division of the deep seabed and is used primarily when initially reconnoitering for the presence of oil and gas origins. threesome DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSMultiple streamers shoot on closely spaced lines. The seismic data gathered on close spacing, the 3-D seismic cube can be formed. This innovation requires use of high performance computers and mature data processing techniques.The computer generated model can be canvas in greater detail by viewing the model in vertical and horizontal time slices, or even an inclined air division can be viewed.In a standard 3-D seismic survey, the streamers are primed(p) at about 50-150 meters apart, each streamer being 6-8 kilometers long. Airguns are fired every10-20 seconds. However, many other objectives and economical constraints determine the specific acquisition parameters.FOUR DIMENSIONAL SURVEYSThe 4-D survey is also called the time-lapse survey. It involves processing of tell seismic surveys over an area of source under production. The changes occurring in the germ due to production and injection can be determined overtime which further helps in field development of the root.One important aspect of a 4-D survey is that there should be minimum end in the position of the seismic lines when a repeated survey is done after sometime. Significant cost savings can be done by the use of 4-D surveys due to better planning and understanding of reservoir characteristics. distinguishable SHOT METHODSThe common shot gather uses one transmitter source (vibroseis or explosives) and many receivers (geophones) places at some distance from the source. They geophones are placed at equal spacings from each other.Commom nerve cen ter gather is the most widely used survey technique. It uses one transmitter placed at the midpoint exactly above the formation area to be surveyed. Receivers are set in all the directions surrounding the transmitter.Common offset gather uses multiple shot and receiving technique.Common receiver position gather, as the name states, has only on receiver. While the many shots are employed, the various seismic waves reflecting back to the receiver have different amplitudes and frequencies, thus can be varied and collected differently.COMMON MIDPOINT METHODIt was discovered that relection seismic sections can be improvised by repeated sampling of the subsurface formations using different travel paths of the seismic waves. This can easily be achieved by using commom midpoint method which states that increasing the spacing between source and receiver about a commom midpoint and generating duplicated data of the subsurface coverage.The processing of a common midpoint gather system requir es sorting of data from the Commom Shot Gather into a Commom Midpoint Gather. The data collected is usually in the form In this method, the inclination of the data occurs since the wavefronts reaching out to the receivers are at an inclined bung, this results in much gargantuanr raypath than the be receiver placed close to the shot point. In order to use the recordings to a common depth point, one needs to correct the data for all the time travel distances. This is known as Normal Moveout castigation (NMO).After NMO, the summation of various wavepaths gives us a horizontal section at time travel equal to cryptograph. This is known as time stacking procedure.After NMO correction the data is shown as -SEISMIC DATA treatA reference seismic processing eon is applied to arousal in the raw gathers to obtain reference seismic output data. A serial of establish seismic processing sequences are applied to the input raw gathers to obtain test seismic output data. The RMS value of t he test seismic output data is normalized to that of the reference seismic output data on a trace by trace basis. The normalized difference between the test and the reference seismic output data is calculated on a sample by sample basis in the time domain and are displayed on color coded plots in the time scale format over the CDP range. Linear regression is performed for each CMP gather to obtain the stack and the zero offset calculated for each time index and the difference is recorded. The normalized differences between the error for the test and the reference sequences are calculated and displayed on color coded plots. The order of sensitivity for each processing step in the reference processing sequence is determined. If necessary, any processing step is jilted and the reference processing sequence is revised. 2 salubrious-DRIVEN SEISMICIntegrating intumesce data end-to-end the seismic workflow for ranking(a) imaginativeness and sexual inversion hygienic-Driven Seismic ( WDS) is the integration of borehole information throughout the surface-seismic workflow to provide better seismic images, more reliable stratigraphic interpretation, and greater confidence in spherical reservoir characterization.Wireline logs (compressional, shear, and density), VSPs, and surface-seismic data represent the elastic response of the earth at various resolution scales. A principle of the Well-Driven Seismic concept is that these data should be processed with respect to their mutual consistency, i.e., that the seismic data must(prenominal) tie with logs and VSPs in time and depth. The aim of the Well-Driven Seismic method is to involve all the available borehole information to optimize the entire seismic workflow to deliver seismic images of superior resolution (in time or depth) and correct prestack seismic amplitudes that are suitable for inversion and detailed seismic reservoir description. land properties from logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic dataThe Well-Driven Se ismic workflow invokes new trademarked software and analysis techniques from WesternGeco and Schlumberger to derive an earth property model from the integrated analysis of wireline logs, VSPs, and surface-seismic data. The property model includes compressional and shear velocities, attenuation (Q) factors, VTI anisotropy parameters, and interbed multiple mechanisms, and is derived at the healthful location (or locations) and extended across the survey area in 3D. The 3D model is applied in the seismic processing sequence for align amplitude and phase recovery, deconvolution, multiple attenuation, anisotropic prestack time and depth imaging (including of converted-wave data), AVO analysis, and 4D processing.WELL DATA FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SEISMIC IMAGINGWell information can improve many key stages of the conventional seismic processing sequence. VSP data provide excellent discrimination of primary and multiple events, and are used to guide surface-seismic multiple attenuation proces ses. Furthermore, interbed multiple mechanisms site in separated VSP wavefields are used as input to data-driven multiple attenuation processes, such as the WesternGeco Interbed Multiple Prediction (IMP). Inverse-Q operators derived from VSP data (and new methods for walkaway VSP data) can significantly improve seismic resolution. WesternGeco employs a proprietary deconvolution process that is constrained by the signal-to-noise level in the seismic data and by the well reflectivity to enhance further the seismic resolution. The set anisotropic velocity model is vital for prestack time and depth migration (including of converted waves) to improve steep-dip imaging, lateral positioning of reflectors, signal-to-noise ratios, and seismic resolution.OPTIMIZED WELL TIESThe Well-Driven Seismic method optimizes the processing sequence and the processing parameters within that sequence to tie the seismic data to the wells. Attri yetes based on the well tie and on the quality of the extract ed riffles are used for deterministic seismic processing decisions. Space-adaptive wavelet processing corrects 3D seismic data to true zero phase between well locations, and stabilizes residual spatial wavelet summercaters.BOREHOLE CALIBREATED SEIMIC sexual inversionThe Well-Driven Seismic approach provides greater sensitivity to seismically derived reservoir attributes through calibrated AVO or acoustic impedance inversion. The well data are particularly important for successful processing of seismic data for inversion. Compensation for the offset-dependent effects of Q, geometric spreading, transmission losses, and anisotropy are essential for processing data over very long offsets (where the strongest AVO expression of the reservoir may be visible). The method calibrates the AVO signatures in the prestack seismic data with the offset-dependent amplitude response synthesized from well logs and/or the response expressed in the walkaway VSP to provide assurance of the seismic p rocessing sequence.With the seismic processing sequence optimized for resolution and consistency with the well data, Well-Driven Seismic processing is a vital requisite for acoustic impedance or AVO inversion and subsequent reservoir characterization.AVO AND INVERSIONAmplitude variation with offset (AVO) has been used extensively in hydrocarbon exploration over the then(prenominal) two decades. Traditional AVO analysis involves computation of the AVO knock, gradient, and higher-order AVO term from a fit in of P-wave reflection amplitude to the sine square of the angle of incidence. This fit is based on the approximate P-wave reflection coefficient formulation in intercept-gradient form, given by Bortfeld (1961) and Shuey (1985) among others. Under the assumption of a background PS velocity ratio, the AVO intercept and gradient values can also be combined to obtain additional AVO attributes such as pseudo-S-wave data, Poissons ratio contrast, and others. AVO intercept and pseudo- S-wave data are also used in conjunction with prestack waveform inversion (PSWI) in a hybrid inversion scheme. Hybrid inversion is a gang of prestack and poststack inversion methodologies. Such a combination allows efficient inversion of large data volumes in the absence of well information.Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) inversion is a prestack technique that is readily applied to seismic gathers but which is still largely under-utilised in the exploration community despite its ability to effectively discriminate between fluid and lithology effects.AVO inversion is equally relevant to both 2D and 3D seismic data in time or depth providing that sufficient care has been taken to preserve amplitudes during processing. A reliable velocity model is also a critical serving of the AVO process as accurate angle information is a prerequisite for AVO inversion. The more accurate the angles, the better the partitioning of amplitudes to P-wave and S-wave reflectivities. In addition, b oth angle and ray path information can be incorporated in a variety of model based amplitude corrections that are preferable and often more accurate than scalars derived from empirical equations.The inversion process is then performed, completing in about the same time as a conventional stack. The resulting outputs are a series of AVO reflectivity sections or volumes that are determined by the Zoeppritz approximation used.Fluid Factor is one of the most useful attributes derived from AVO inversion due its ability to make such distinctions and directly identify hydrocarbons.Multi-Measurement seed Definition workflows include the following componentsReservoir Synthetic ModelingForward framework to generate pre-stack synthetics from geological modelsAnivec (prestack elastic modeling)Prestack Waveform Inversion (PSWI)Full waveform prestack inversion is a non-linear inversion process that estimates elastic model (Vp, Vs, and density) from prestack seismic data using a genetic algorithm .AVO Modeling and analysisAVO ConditioningConditions angle band stacks prior to performing AVO analysisAVO InversionElastic impedance modeling and inversion from angle band cubesSpace-adaptive InversionSpace adaptive wavelet processing and inversion to relative seismic impedanceElastic electrical resistance InversionCombining low frequency trends with seismic relative upside-down impedance cubes to generate absolute impedanceIntegrated careen physical science ModelingFluid and rock property analysis, modeling and substitutionRock Property CalibrationGenerating rock properties from seismic using transforms derived from petrophysical analysis of well data.The outputs are high-resolution absolute acoustic and shear impedance and density volumes consistent with the seismic data and the well-log data. The inverted elastic parameter volumes are used for detailed interpretation of lithofacies and pore-fluid content in the subsurface. Combined with rock physics modeling and rock property mapping through lithology miscellany and joint porosity-saturation inversion, the method provides a powerful tool for quantitative reservoir description and characterization. The results are the most-probable litho-class, porosity, and saturation with uncertainties of prediction at every sample point in the 3-D volume.SIGNAL affectSome elements of the seismic data processing sequence are virtually universal careless(predicate) of whether the intention is to performtimeimaging,depthimaging,multicomponentimaging, orreservoirstudies. Data conditioning and signal processing form the foundation of the seismic processing workflow. point processing encompasses a wide variety of technologies designed to visit numerous challenges in the processing sequence from data calibration and regulation through to noise attenuation, demultiple, and signal enhancement techniques.It includesMultiple AttenuationSignal EnhancementData caliberation and regularizationNoise AttenuationTIME PROCESSINGPre stack time migration (PSTM) may not be the most sophisticated imaging method available, but it remains the most commonly used migration algorithm in use today. Kirchhoff PSTM combines improved structural imaging with amplitude delivery of prestack data in readiness for AVO, inversion, and subsequent reservoir characterization.Advances in this field also mean that time imaging, more than ever before, is an ideal first step in aDepth mental imageryworkflow, reducing the number of velocity model building iterations and decreasing overall turnaround time.It includes resource Regularization, migration and datuming techniquesStatics portfolioVelocities and moveoutEnhanced Migration Amplitude NormalizationDEPTH PROCESSINGDepth Imaging is the preferred seismic imaging tool for todays most challenging exploration and reservoir-delineation projects. In areas of structural or seismic velocity model complexity, many of the assumptions underpinning traditional time-domain processing are invali d and can produce deceptive results. Typical situations might be heavily faulted sequences or salt intrusions. In these cases, only the careful application of 3D prestack depth imaging can be relied on to accurately delineate geological structure, aiding risk sagacity and helping operators to improve drilling success rates.TECHNOLOGYFrom a technology perspective, high quality depth imaging has two main aspects the ability to build detailed and accurate velocity models, coupled with a superior imaging algorithm.VELOCITY MODEL BUILDINGVelocity Model expression is a key critical element in imaging the Earth. imaging provides the best high resolution calibrated velocity and anisotropic Earth Models, powerful refraction tomographies detect shallow velocity anomalies. All those algorithms work with any acquisition configuration and can be applied to any geological setting. Also, these computer intensive algorithms are integrated with an interactive graphics environment for rapid and a ccurate quality control of the interim and final results.VECTOR PROCESSINGConventional seismic recording uses a single scalar measurement of pressure or vertical displacement throughout the 2D or 3D survey to derive images and models of the subsurface. Subsequent processing and inversion steps can be linked to the relative shear-wave contrasts in the subsurface using rock property relationships. However, sometimes it is impossible to equate a surveys seismic imaging or reservoir definition objectives using compressional (P) waves alone.SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATIONComputer aided interpretation is the backbone of 3D seismic interpretation as the amount of data used is voluminous.The important services areIIWS (Intergrated Intelligence Workstation) based interpretation of 2D, 3D dataStructural mappingIntegrating seismic attributes with wireline, core and reservoir data for reservoir characterisationSeismic modeling3D visualisation and animationPalinspastic restorationStructural rest oration is an established method by which to validate seismic interpretations. In addition, palinspastic reconstruction can help identify potential reservoir depocentres, enable the measurement of catchment areas at the time of hydrocarbon migration and pencil lead to an improved understanding of complex hydrocarbon systems such as those in the deepwater. issue is achieved by the sequential backstripping of the present day depth model. Upon removal of each successive layer, the remaining surfaces within the model are adjusted to accoun