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Friday, December 27, 2019

Raising Capital as a Corporation

Large corporations could not have grown to their present size without being able to find innovative ways to raise capital to finance expansion. Corporations have five primary methods for obtaining that money. Issuing Bonds A bond is a written promise to pay back a specific amount of money at a certain date or dates in the future. In the interim, bondholders receive interest payments at fixed rates on specified dates. Holders can sell bonds to someone else before they are due. Corporations benefit by issuing bonds because the interest rates they must pay investors are generally lower than rates for most other types of borrowing and because interest paid on bonds is considered to be a tax-deductible business expense. However, corporations must make interest payments even when they are not showing profits. If investors doubt a companys ability to meet its interest obligations, they either will refuse to buy its bonds or will demand a higher rate of interest to compensate them for their increased risk. For this reason, smaller corporations can seldom raise much capital by issuing bonds. Issuing Preferred Stock A company may choose to issue new preferred stock to raise capital. Buyers of these shares have special status in the event the underlying company encounters financial trouble. If profits are limited, preferred stock owners will be paid their dividends after bondholders receive their guaranteed interest payments but before any common stock dividends are paid. Selling Common Stock If a company is in good financial health, it can raise capital by issuing common stock. Typically, investment  banks help companies issue stock, agreeing to buy any new shares issued at a set price if the public refuses to buy the stock at a certain minimum price. Although common shareholders have the exclusive right to elect a corporations board of directors, they rank behind holders of bonds and preferred stock when it comes to sharing profits. Investors are attracted to stocks in two ways. Some companies pay large dividends, offering investors a steady income. But others pay little or no dividends, hoping instead to attract shareholders by improving corporate profitability -- and hence, the value of the shares themselves. In general, the value of shares increases as investors come to expect corporate earnings to rise. Companies whose stock prices rise substantially often split the shares, paying each holder, say, one additional share for each share held. This does not raise any capital for the corporation, but it makes it easier for stockholders to sell shares on the open market. In a two-for-one split, for instance, the stocks price is initially cut in half, attracting investors. Borrowing Companies can also raise short-term capital -- usually to finance inventories -- by getting loans from banks or other lenders. Using Profits As noted, companies also can finance their operations by retaining their earnings. Strategies concerning retained earnings vary. Some corporations, especially electric, gas, and other utilities, pay out most of their profits as dividends to their stockholders. Others distribute, say, 50 percent of earnings to shareholders in dividends, keeping the rest to pay for operations and expansion. Still, other corporations, often the smaller ones, prefer to reinvest most or all of their net income in research and expansion, hoping to reward investors by rapidly increasing the value of their shares. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Effect Of Macroeconomic Shifts On The Ridge Tool...

Any company can do well in a vacuum, free from the effects of the economy as a whole. While a firm can be successful with individual households, they are by no means exempt from the effect of macroeconomic shifts. Macroeconomic shifts are those that impact the aggregate supply and demand of an entire country, or the world. The aggregate supply and demand curves are plotted to display the real domestic output of a country vs. price. An event that is seemingly unrelated to the firm can change the future for a firm in the short term. We will be examining the effect of macroeconomic shifts on the Ridge Tool Company, a subsidiary of Emerson Electric. Being that Ridge tool is a manufacturing firm, the macroeconomic variables that have the most impact are consumer wealth, resource costs and expectations. First the variables will be defined, then they will be analyzed using a historic perspective against ridge tool’s financial statements, and finally, we will be comparing to prior res earch to note any similarities to micro economic impacts. Macroeconomic variables have a large impact on a company’s performance and on our outlook as citizens. Before looking at past shifts, let us examine the variables and their impact on the economy. Variables Defined The Henry George institute defines wealth as the value of all material goods that are produced by labor and the exchange value of those goods within the economy. Macroeconomic wealth fluctuates with unemployment, inflation and generalShow MoreRelatedHomework11617 Words   |  47 Pages | |13-2 |Blue Ridge Manufacturing (B) | |13-3 |Nebraska Toaster Company (Target Costing) | |13-4 |Mercedes-Benz All Activity Vehicle (Target Costing) | Readings 13-1: â€Å"Target Costing at a Consumer Products Company† by Mohan Gopalakrishnan; Janet Samuels,Read MoreProject on Risk Management46558 Words   |  187 Pagestowards the economic and development. Indusind Bank was incorporated on January and obtained Certificate of Commencement of Business in February 1994. The bank was promoted by IndusInd Enterprises and Finance Ltd. (IEFL) and five Mauritius based companies’ viz. IndusInd International Holdings Ltd. (IIHL) IndusInd (Mauritius) Holdings Ltd. (IMHL) IndusInd Ltd. (IL) IndusInd Investments Ltd. (IIL) De Five Mauritius Holdings Ltd. (DFMHL). The bank commenced commercial operation in April. It undertookRead MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36912 Words   |  148 PagesCASES FROM MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES Table of Contents Case 1: Case 2: Bal Seal Engineering Robin Cooper Bill’s Custom Planters William Stammerjohan Deborah Seifert Dublin Shirt Company Peter Clarke in assoc. with in assoc. with Paul Juras Wayne Bremser ECN.W William Lawler Endesa Gary M. Cunningham Scott Ericksen Francisco J. Lopez Lubian Antonio Pareja Kincaid Manufacturing Jon Yarusso Ram Ramanan Osram.NA John Shank Lawrence Carr William Lawler Pleasant Run Children’s Home Brooke E. SmithRead MoreCase Study for Management Accounting36918 Words   |  148 PagesCASES FROM MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING PRACTICES Table of Contents Case 1: Case 2: Bal Seal Engineering Robin Cooper Bill’s Custom Planters William Stammerjohan Deborah Seifert Dublin Shirt Company Peter Clarke in assoc. with in assoc. with Paul Juras Wayne Bremser ECN.W William Lawler Endesa Gary M. Cunningham Scott Ericksen Francisco J. Lopez Lubian Antonio Pareja Kincaid Manufacturing Jon Yarusso Ram Ramanan Osram.NA John Shank Lawrence Carr William Lawler Pleasant Run Children’s Home Brooke E. SmithRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesHughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a databaseRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesWeld but has also witnessed extensions outside its established realms of activity. Wider systemic transformations including changes in political regimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including the rise of broadband, have all impacted management accounting endeavours. The Weld is today, as fast-changing as it has ever been. This book

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Australian Health Policy Developments †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Health Policy Developments. Answer: Introduction The Australian health sector has undergone many improvements over the past years. The sector has produced high quality services to citizens at reduced costs(Barrett, 2013). However, with the complexity of the health sector, the future is unpredictable. The future holds increase in demand for health services as the population increases. Over the past years, the health sector sought to reduce cost of health and improving the quality of health services. There is more pressure on health practitioners to ensure quality when offering services. Health practitioners have a lot to learn from the policies developed on health. There are more requirements from the practitioners in offering services. New method introduced into the health service sector requires practitioners to update their knowledge regularly(Chisolm, 2007). Quality Ensuring quality is evident in the health sector policies(Government, 2017 ). This refers to policies that insist that health services must be of the highest quality. The health sector ensures that patients are attended to with the due care and diligence. This requires that health practitioners keep up with changes in the field of health. This is such as learning of the new technology trends introduced in the field of health. The government introduction of the practice incentive programme is important in ensuring quality standards in health sector. The government through this programme ensures practitioners follow health reforms to the letter. The main drive is that the health sector ensures quality in services offered. The government over the years has allocated funds to ensure success of this programme(Bensley, 2009). The lesson evident from this policy is that health practitioners should observe high quality. Practitioners should be flexible in their operations to accommodate adde d services such as home based health care. This is the offering of health services at the comfort of peoples homes. Health practitioners should be able to understand how to give home based health care with the highest quality possible. There is also the lesson that the health sector is diverse and not just concentrated to hospitals. They should appreciate the increased demand for home based care and the government efforts to provide funds and equipment(Fertman, 2010). Cost Reduction Moreover, there is the lesson of cost reduction in health services. The policies require practitioners to ensure that they charge affordable prices (Christina, 2008). The government assist in reducing the cost by subsidising the health sector through such as giving free or cheap drugs. The government through the practice incentive programme ensures that there is more funding to health sector. The programme focusses on more quality but does not mean that the prices increase. The practitioners learn how to give high quality services and charge less for services(Coplan, 2011). Efficiency In addition to that is efficiency in health service provision. This is delivering health services while avoiding resource waste and optimisation of available resources(Fertman, 2010). The government policies require continuous quality improvement of the health sector. This is to ensure identification of problematic areas and solutions found. This is necessary to avoid waste of resources and ensuring optimisation of resources. The lesson learnt by health practitioners is to analyse their practice to identify problems. This plays part in eliminating problems to ensure maximum service delivery. The practitioners should ensure efficiency in all activities and in turn increased quality in health care sector. The practitioners should research on new methods to offer services in order to reduce wastage in the health sector. Efficiency is important in the health sector because quality is necessary. With the governments goal of spending less budget on health care, then practitioners should le arn how to be efficient(Barrett, 2013). There is also acceptable and patient centred services. This is giving services that consider the preferences of patients(Hall, 2011). The government policies ensures that all citizens receive proper health services. This means that the services should not discriminate on any individual or group. Therefore, practitioners require flexibility to adopt to the specific needs of patients. The patients demand various services such as home treatment instead of going to the hospital. The practitioners are required to fulfil the demands visiting the patients place and offering health services similar to those in hospitals. The government plays a large part in requirement for flexibility through introduction of home based care usually for the old or the terminally ill. The government provides facilities and funds to practitioners to ensure that they offer high quality services. Therefore, practitioners should be ready to adopt to this policy in the best way possible(Hodges, 2011). Safety Additionally there is the lesson on safety. This is giving health services that reduce risk and harm to the service receivers(Nelson, 2015). Safety adherence is a requirement in the health sector to reduce the risk of death and spread of diseases. The health sector policies mostly centre on ensuring that services offered and equipment used are safe. Lack of safety can lead to increase in the spread of a deadly communicable disease. The lessons that practitioners learn from this is to observe safety measures when dealing with patients. This requires the use of sterilized equipment and protecting further spread of illnesses. With the policies put in place there is a need for the practitioners to avoid legal consequences when they do not observe safety. Labour laws require practitioners to observe the safety of their patients(Permacharts, 2007). Equity There is also the lesson of equity in service delivery. This is the giving of services without observing the characteristics of an individual such as race or skin colour(Roth, 2010). Government policies require that practitioners attend to all individuals without discrimination. Practitioners should learn that each citizen has a right of receiving medical attention. The practitioners should learn the need to take care of each individual observing quality without variation due to certain characteristics. The government avails funds and equipment to health practitioners and thus requires that they attend to all citizens without discrimination(Roth, 2010). Moreover, there is accessibility of health services. This refers to the availability of health services and the necessary skills to respond to certain health needs. The government over the past years has equipped the health sector with all relevant resources. The government has provided health education and other resources such as funds. There is the need for practitioners to equip themselves with the relevant skills to treat illnesses. Practitioners require research in order to solve new illnesses that keep coming up. The lesson here is that the practitioners should always update themselves on how to treat new disease outbreaks(Scott, 2007). Effectiveness There is also the lesson on effectiveness, which on a health perspective is to ensure elimination of illnesses. The Australian over the past years have put a policy of eradicating common communicable infections(Videto, 2011). Therefore, proper measures put in place focus on ensuring that diseases do not continue spreading. The practitioners require equipping themselves with relevant skills to eliminate infections. The purpose of this is to align with the government policies that require eradication of illnesses. The practitioners are required to keep experimenting on new ways to cure illnesses and control their spread. The government offers the necessary equipment to make this successful(Videto, 2011). Integration of health policies with policies that influence health of indigenous people The Australian government ensures all citizens proper health through creating policies (Teena, 2010). This policies aim at ensuring that all citizens receive proper health care. The government policies on health protect the indigenous people of Australia such as the Aboriginals and the Torres Island People. The government establishes a work plan to ensure that the indigenous people benefit from health services. The government health policies collaborate with policies set for indigenous people. The need for this is to bridge the gap between the originals and non-indigenous. Moreover, there is the aim of the government to avail proper health to all citizens equally. The government realises the fact that the originals could easily be discriminated on health issues. Therefore, the government ensures that there are specific policies put in place to improve the health of the originals. The originals require special plans because their culture hinders them from using modern medical practice s. The originals require education on how to stay healthy and prevent themselves from illnesses. The government includes them in research for new drugs to treat illnesses affecting the aboriginals. There is the need to collaborate with the originals when coming up with medicines to accommodate their traditional methods. The government appreciates use of herbs and other cultural health beliefs (Bensley, 2009). The government recognises the aboriginals as the first Australian people and have a right to access proper health care(Coplan, 2011). The aboriginals receive high quality services and at affordable prices. The health sector avoids racism at all costs to ensure that the indigenous people get health services. There are strategies put in place to tackle social inequalities to enable achievement of health quality. The government pushes for health sector policies that increase the life expectancy of the originals. The indigenous face stress because of displacement by immigrants. Therefore, the health services should help reduce this stress. The government responds to this issue by offering counselling services to the stressed individuals. This helps reduce stress level and in turn reduce illnesses caused by stress. The government also gives drugs that relive stress to the originals to ensure that stress caused infections reduce. The health sector tries to campaign against harmful cultures that cause illnesses. The government recognises the cultures and tries to ensure continuity of those that do not cause illness (McConnell, 2014). Health policies The policy of equality in health standards integrates with policies affecting the originals(Permacharts, 2007). The reason for this integration is the fact that all citizens require health services without discrimination. This policy uses the human rights approach to ensure equal services for the indigenous people. Human rights help to realise hidden risks that the indigenous people face. Therefore, this approach ensures better services for the indigenous persons to put them at same level as non-indigenous people. The constitutional approach of this policy ensures that indigenous persons are not discriminated from receiving proper health services. In addition to that is the policy of forming health partnerships with stakeholders(Hodges, 2011). The government formed partnerships with the aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander people. This partnership creates an effective platform to engage communities about their health needs. The state partners with indigenous people representatives to ensure of prioritisation their needs. The priorities come from consultations with community leaders who give feedback to the government. Partnership policy in this way affects the indigenous people positively by including them in decision-making. This policy improves health of the indigenous who face the risk of discrimination (Leiyu, 2015). Additionally there is the policy on accountability on health issues(Government, 2017 ). The government should be accountable by putting measuring the success of their actions. This policy affects all Australia citizens with the aim of trying to increase their life expectancy. The commitment is to ensure bridging the gap between the life expectancies of originals and non-originals. The government ensures monitoring of health standards to ensure high quality. When all citizens get equal high quality health services, the life expectancies increase. Moreover, there is the policy of practice based on evidence(Hall, 2011). The objective of this policy is to ensure that all health activities have support with evidence from research. Data collection is necessary to make research successful. This policy is important in ensuring that health services suit the group affected. This means putting people in the middle of their health care services to enable get information from them first hand. This policy ensures that the aboriginals get health services tailor made for them. The government through this policy gets information about health needs of the originals and avail health services to them. The government ensures conduct of research on diseases affecting the indigenous people. They are out at the centre of experiments to come up with the correct cause of illness from the exact individuals. With these actions, the government shows commitment to protect the indigenous people from poor health (Anon, 2017). The other policy is on recognition of herbs and other cultural treatment methods(Government, 2017 ). The original people lack exposure to modern medicines that treat diseases effectively. They continue using herbs to heal diseases or reduce effect of illnesses. The government realises this fact and appreciates the culture that does not allow use of non-herbal medicines. Therefore, the government sponsors research in the herbs to ensure the originals do not use deadly herbs. They incorporate herbal medicine with non-herbal medicine so that the originals can accept the drugs. This commitment by the government shows concern for the indigenous people and willingness to give them proper health care. Additionally there is the policy of giving proper health at all life stages (Christina, 2008). The government includes ensures that this policy applies to all citizens of the country. The government tailors different health plans for each group stage of individuals. There are plans put in pace for the young. Middle aged and the old. The reason for this variation is the different illnesses for each group. For example, the old people have illnesses such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Therefore, the government should find ways to treat illnesses based on the age groups. This policy does not discriminate against the indigenous people living in Australia. The government also undertakes research on the age groups to understand specific illnesses affecting the originals. The government does not leave the originals behind when making this type of policies. They are important in research and assisting in coming up with solutions to illnesses(Fertman, 2010). Conclusion Therefore, practitioners in the Australian health sector should stay informed on government policies. This is necessary to ensure that they adopt to changes brought by government policies. They should learn from the policies and acquire the necessary skills required. The government however plays a huge role in equipping the practitioners with facilities and funds. The Australian government faces the challenge of providing health facilities to all citizens equally. Finally, to achieve quality health standards, practitioners should equip themselves with the right health knowledge. The responsibility of the government is to incorporate all citizens in their health plans. Therefore, the government should ensure protection of all citizens in the health policies. The citizens have rights to receive health services, which the government should provide without failure. The originals need consideration by the government and special attention to protect them from discrimination. The health sector require undertaking proper research to come up with medicines suitable for all citizens. The aboriginals and the Torres Islander people are the main indigenous people require inclusion in health plans. The government recognises their culture and beliefs about illnesses to come up with the best solutions to their health problems. The citizens also should collaborate either the government to give ideas on how to solve health problems. Bibliography 2012, A. H. M. A. C., 2012. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islander Health Performance Framework , Canberra: S.N. Anon., 2017. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au Barrett, S., 2013. Consumer Health. S.L.:McGraw Hill. Bensley, R. J. .., 2009. Community Health Eduaction Methods: A Practical Guide. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett. Chisolm, S., 2007. Health Professions. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett. Christina , A. P. a. D. G., 2008. Advancing Health Literacy: Framework for Understanding and Action. S.L.:Jossey - Bass ,Inc. Coplan, S., 2011. Project for Health Care Information Technology. S.L.:McGraw Hill. Fertman, 2010. Health Promotion Programmes. S.L.:Blackwells Publishers. Government, A., 2017 . Australia Competition and Consumer Commission. [Online] Available at: https://www.accc.gov.au [Accessed 15 August 2017]. Hall, M. A., 2011. Health Care Law and Ethics in an Nutshell. 3rd ed. S.L.:West Publishing Company. Hodges, B., 2011. Assessment and Planning in Health Programmes. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett. Insel, P., 2017. Connect Core Concepts in Health. 15th Edition. S.L.:McGraw Hill. Leiyu, d. A., 2015. U.S. Health Care System. S.l.:Jones and Bartlett Learning. McConnell, c. r., 2014. Effective Healthcare Supervisor Eight Edition. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett Learning. Nelson, B. D., 2015. Essential Clinic Global Health. S.L.:Wiley-Blackwell. Permacharts, 2007. Students Success Guide. S.L.:Permacharts, Inc.. Roth, P. M. I. a. W. T., 2010. Core Concepts in Health Brief. S.L.:McGraw Hill. Scott, R., 2007. Guide for New Health Care Professionals. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett. Teena, L. W. W. W. R. a. R. M., 2010. Problem Based Learning in Health and Social Care. S.L.:Wiley Blackwell. Videto, B. H. a. D., 2011. Assessment and Planning in Health Programmes. S.L.:Jones and Bartlett.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Psychodynamics Family Systems Model

Introduction Psychodynamic family system is an all-inclusive model that pulls various psychological theories together. The theories are based on human interaction that drives the unconscious influence of character and personality (Oxford, 1992). It focuses on early childhood experiences that shape human personalities. It asserts that inheritance is not the only determinant of personality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychodynamics Family Systems Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Instead, it suggests that caretakers play a crucial role in modeling a child’s behavior. This paper will focus on the psychological theories that are based on human interaction. The theories include development of gender roles, psychoanalysis, attachment, development of morals, aggression, personality and object relation theory. Choice In addition, there have been raising behaviors resulting from my past experiences. For e xample, some homosexuals adopt their behaviors unconsciously during childhood. In USA, a homosexual gave life testimony in church. In her testimony, she was raised by a house girl in the city of Chicago. The house girl would induce her into performing sex at the age of 11 years. He, therefore, acquired a sexual phobia that eliminated sexual urge for women. Therefore, he chose to adopt homosexuality. He said that he is aroused sexually by men and lacks sexual attraction to the opposite sex. This implies that the man shaped his behavior unconsciously. As a result, I consider the model as being a crucial point for psychological departure making. This makes it worthy to study and analyze. Gender Role Development Psychodynamic family model forms the basis of developing the roles of gender. In many communities, a female child imitates and tends to copy the actions of their mothers (Amadiume, 1987). On the other hand, the male children adopt the daily chores of their fathers. For example, an African woman has been related to cooking, washing utensils and fetching firewood. This has been the history of an African woman for a very long period of time. The maintenance of the sequence is because the new female generations adopt the roles of their coinciding gender. This has unconsciously shaped the role of women. On the other hand, an African man is associated with taking care of cattle, keeping security and providing for the family. The new generations of males adopt and copy the male gender. In fact, you will find children playing games that incorporate gender roles. In the games, each gender is given the roles that coincide with their gender. This implies that the young children acquire their roles unconsciously from their caretakers. Therefore, psychodynamic family models determine the culture of the roles based on gender.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moral Develop ment Morals refer to the right and wrong considerations of a community. Morals are classified into good and bad morals. Development of morals depends on the past experiences in childhood. They are induced into the children by the people who nurture them. The induction of morals is done consciously or unconsciously. However, the unconscious induction is more effective than the conscious. For example, a child tends to use the language that their caretakers use. If the caretaker abuses them, the child absorbs the language unconsciously and uses it. On the other hand, a caretaker who uses polite language passes the behavior to the child unconsciously. Similarly, a family that is less concerned with religion induces their children into paganism. On the other hand, families that emphasize on religion pass the religious spirit to their children unconsciously. It is observed that most priests and preachers come from prayerful families. Therefore, psychodynamic model is a major pillar of mor al development. Personality development Personality defines the character, behaviors and perceptions that a person has in life. We mentioned that personality depends on both inheritance and experience. However, childhood experience with caretakers is the major determinant of the child’s personality. For example, we may seek to analyze the development of introverts and extroverts. Introverts are the people who are laid back. They are less talkative and keep much to themselves. They are secretive and less outgoing. For the introvert, they adopt this personality because they were brought up by parents or caretakers who keep to themselves. As a result, they absorbed the same behavior leading to introversion. On the other hand, extroverts are talkative, outgoing, open hearted, happy, and welcoming. Researchers suggest that they adopt the personalities by emulating the behavior of the people around them. As a result, they are induced into being extroverts. This implies that psychod ynamic model is a basis of personality development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychodynamics Family Systems Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aggression Aggression is a crucial factor on psychology. The level of aggression relates to the past experience of a person. Caretakers induce children into low or high aggression depending on how they train them during childhood. A child who stays in the house sitting will result to low aggression. It retards aggression on terms of physical and mental aggression. On the contrary, the caretakers who engage to their simple tasks and activities help them to acquire a high aggressive state. It sharpens their mind and invigorates their physical performance. In fact, researchers suggest that the difference in educational ability can be traced back to their childhood. Children that are exposed to activities during their childhood accelerate the rate of mental and phys ical growth resulting to higher performance. On the other hand, lack of activities slows the rate of growth hence physically retarded. Attachment Attachment in psychology is a crucial component of human interaction and relationship (Goldenberg Goldenberg, (2008). It refers to the social bond that exists between two people. In attachment, the parties have an emotion that continuously bind them together (Holmes, 1993). During childhood, the infant have a strong attachment to their caretakers. The attachments that exist are based on the benefits that an infant get from the caretaker. The benefit may be protection, provision of food among others. However, this attachment affects the children socialization in future. For example, male child who has been nurtured by a single mother has a strong attachment to women. Most of them have a tendency to become womanizers. This behavior is traced back to his early childhood. Surprisingly, a female child that is brought up by their father may ten d to have great attraction to men. Therefore, attachment during childhood is a factor of psychodynamic models of families. Object Relation Theory Object relations theory is another factor of psychodynamic analysis. In the theory, research suggests that infants’ experiences transform into objects that affect them in their future. The objects might exist as father, mother or body parts. These objects influence their behaviors in the rest of their lives.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although later experiences try reshaping the future, the objects exert a lot of influence to the victims retarding the change in personality. These objects, also, bring about dependency or independence in future. Therefore, object relation theory is a component of psychodynamic model. Dream Analysis Dream analysis is the interpretation of dream that a patient experience. Dream interpretation is based on dreamer’s perception rather than the interpreter’s understanding. The perception of dreams by the dreamer reveals some infant experience. It, also, helps to understand the psychological status of the patient. It reveals the challenges that they have helping in diagnosis. Therefore, it is a component of psychodynamic model. Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud postulated a theory of mind that have proven prudent in real life situations. Although this theory has undergone sequences of modification, some of its aspects remained to dominate theoretical history. In fact, psychodynam ics have retrieved developmental aspects from this theory. This theory proposed issues that are relevant to the current family situations. Apparently, it evaluate home in a broad perspective that includes social, political, philosophical, literal and artistic dimensions. It has contributed to the crucial knowledge that a family must obtain when living in a distinguished cultural environment. Early life of children is surrounded by many factors that tend to shape the nature of a person’s psychology. For instance, we would expect psychological differences from people arising from different family backgrounds. A child growing without a father could be potentially distinct in terms of behavior from another child who has both parents. Also, there are critical implications that could remain in the mind of a child who was abused sexually during her young life. Psychoanalysis lays down the basis to overcome these unconscious situations and enable a victim to regain consciousness. Whe n a person overcomes the unconsciousness, s/he could be able to shape his/ her life against the initially void relations. Factually, everyone possesses some effects that arise from this unconsciousness which could be eradicated by psychoanalysis. The patients and the guardians undergo a period of extensive counseling and guidance. These sessions take fifty minutes and include verbal and non-verbal communication. The technique has been applied widely in developing psychodynamic understanding. Conclusion There are various strengths that are admirable in the model. It emphasizes on the effect of infant caretakers. It asserts that the infant experiences have great influence on future personality. Therefore, it urges the caretakers to engage in behaviors that shape the infant future personalities. As a result, it eliminates the difficulties that may affect the child. However, the model has weaknesses that are not likeable. It analyses personality and behavioral development on the basis o f past experience. It does not include the effect of inheritance. Based on inheritance, the model should show the effect of the infant experience on the inherited traits. It, also, suppress the effect of experiences that the children get in their middle age. In a bid to help the needs of families, the model should incorporate the three factors during analysis. The change in analysis will help to make a wholesome analysis for psychological issues. References Amadiume, I. (1987). Male daughters, female husbands: gender and sex in an African society. London: Zed Books. Goldenberg, I., Goldenberg, H. (2008). Family therapy: an overview (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Holmes, J. (1993). John Bowlby and attachment theory. London: Routledge. Oxford, J. (1992). Community psychology: theory and practice. Chichester: Wiley. This essay on Psychodynamics Family Systems Model was written and submitted by user Javion E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.