Can Classical and Operant Conditioning Account for the Development of Phobias?

Can classical and operant instruct account for the development of phobic neurosiss? Classical condition involves pairing an un learned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus then produces a conditioned response. Operant conditioning then refers to associations between the response and the outcome. The following sample leave examine evidence supporting classical and operant conditioning as a cause of phobic disorders.Other theories, much(prenominal) as biological and growthary, will also be taken into account, as conditioning theory is criticised for a number of reasons. Psychologists have suggested phobias develop as a consequence of conditioning, and many another(prenominal) phobics lot look on a specific episode which caused the onset of their phobia (Freud, 1909 Ost and Hugdahl, 1981). However, enquiry suggests it is not necessary for a specific episode to happen to change behaviour. Kirsch et al (2004) studied rats in a maze.They were left to search before food was introduced, at which point errors in the rats route by the maze were reduced significantly. This suggests the rats learned to navigate when they were not reinforced for learning, and they make cognitive maps without reinforcement. This evidence of latent learning suggests learning can bechance without classical conditioning. Davey (1992) also prepare many phobics do not remember a particular aversive conditioning episode, claiming they have had their phobia since they could remember.This suggests their phobia may have developed without conditioning. Instead there may be, for example, a biological aspect of developing phobias. There are certain phobias, such as for snakes and spiders, which are more common than others. Mineka and Ohman (2002) suggested primates and humans can quickly associate these objects with frightening events because they have evolved to do so these objects comprise a threat to their ancestors.To support this evoluntionary theory, Coo k and Mineka (1989) exposed monkeys to various objects, and found they easily acquired new fears of toy snakes and crocodiles, but did not develop fears of flowers. They suggested this is because they had no prior exposure to flowers in a frightening episode. While this research may still suggest conditioning theory is a work out in the development of phobias, as the primates still learnt to fear the object, evolution may also be a factor of phobia development.